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NUMBERS AND LOSSES 

IN THE CIVIL WAR 

IN AMERICA 

1861-65 




BT 



THOMAS L. LIYERMORE 

Metnber of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, and 

during the war, Major and Brevet Colonel of the 5th New 

Hampshire Volunteers and Colonel of the 18th 

New Hampshire Volunteers 




BOSTON AND NEW TORK 
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 

«bc BiticrjiiDe pttii^, CambtiOoe 

' 1901 

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JUL"! ' 1909. ERRATA IN AND ADDITIONS TO " NUM- 
BERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR IN AMER- 
ICA," 2d EDITION. BY THOMAS L. LIVERMORE. 

Page 1. Add to note 1 : " This includes 105,693 seamen and marines enlisted 
in the Navy. Mem. of Records and Pension Office, April 14, 1896." 

Page 8. Add Note 3}, referring to 885,000 in the text: "The report of the 
Bureau of Conscription of Jan. 1, 1864, states that 566,456 men had been fur- 
nished to regular organizations up to that date by Virginia, the Carolinas, Ala- 
bama, and Mississippi. 129 W. R. 102." 

Page 22. In 17th line, for "56 " read " 50." Add Note li, referring to para- 
graph in lines 10-14 : " Colonel Bruce has pointed out (Letter in iiles of M. H. S.) 
♦.hat the Reserres who came within the military age after 1860, being already 
counted in the 265,000 (ajUe, p. 21), ought not to be counted in the irregular or- 
ganizations. As there appear in the General Index of the War Records irregu- 
lar organizations, equivalent to about 460 regiments, the Reserves — equivalent 
to about 60 regiments — may be excluded without reducing the estimate of 
98,000 for the number in irregular organizations which was based on Colonel 
Stone's list of 160 regiments (antet p. 22 ; post^ p. 35)." 

Page 23. Add to note 1 : " It is urged, with force, that in other States there 
was much evasion of conscription, but this seems mainly to have been in the 
form of volunteering, as well in regular organizations, as in irregular ones which 
must be counted as a part of the Confederate force. Some deduction should be 
made for foreigners and for Northerners who escaped from the seceding States 
at the beginning of the war. The writer has estimated the number as possibly 
about 30,000. Paper on Confederate numbers, in files of M. H. S." 

Add note 3, referring to the number of North Carolina troops ; " Nov. 19, 1864, 
the Adjutant-General of North Carolina reported to the Governor th.i-- the State 
had then furnished to the Confederate army 125,000 men, including a i estimate 
of 21,608 volunteer recruits and 3103 in unattached companies and la troops of 
other States. 29 So. Hist. Soc. 206." 

Page 30. Add note referring to the first paragraph. " The writer has com- 
piled from the General Index of the War Records a list of regular organizations 
(including partisan rangers) equivalent to more than lOOO regiments, and irregu- 
lar organizations equivalent to more than 460 regiments. In compiling this list 
he endeavored to avoid counting any organization twice, by excluding all those 
which in the General Index are noted with a query or as consolidated, renum- 
bered, or renamed." 

Page 40. To paragraph entitled " Estimates by others," add : " In the Cen- 
sus of 1890 there appear 1,034,073 surviving Union soldiers and sailors and 
432,020 Confederates. Proportionately to 2,300,000 on the Union muster rolls 



ERRA TA 

the Confederates Tould be the survivois of 960,000. Upon the basis of life 
tables, it has been estiniatud by the Records and Pension Office that there 
would bo 1,28"),471 Union survivors. As it is not probable that the census 
takers would miss a greater proportion of Union than of Confederate survivors, 
a corresponding increase in the number of Confederate survivors would be neces- 
sary for comparison with this estimate of Union survivors. 

Page 4o. To 73.ir>l against Miss, and E. La. add 0900 for Bowen's dirision, 
38 W. R. r.'J2-(i09. 
To total for Jan. ISftJ, add for Dist. of West La. : Dec. 4, 1862, 
7,224. 33 W. R. 810; fop Trans. Miss. Jan. 31, 1863, 10,149. 
32 W. R. 807-8. 

Page 60. Under Georgia add the following: " 12 regiments, 2 legions, and 
23 battalions (all but three battalions forming the State Guard) were mustered 
out Feb. 4, 1864. 129 W. R. 310-311. July 9, 1S64, the Governor ordered 
into active service all the reserve militia of the State between 50 and 55 years 
of age, and all between 16 and 17, who resided south of a line east and west 
through Macon. 110 VV. R. 689." 

" Transpose lines 18 and 19, ' May 7, 1863,' etc., to follow line 37 under 
' Texas,' " and add to note t, " vol. 128, p. 548." 

Page 77. BuW iJun, .lii/y 21, 1861. Add to Note a :—" The 4th Pa. and Co. 
E. 2d U. S. Cav. should be deducted, but probably would be more than offset 
by the 1st and 2d N. J. and the DeKalb regiments, which should be added. 
1 B. & L. p. 194 ; 2 W. R. 321." 

Page 79. Shiloh. For " 42,682 " read " 41,682 ; " for " 62,682 " read " 61,682 ; " 
for " 162 " read " 1G5 ; " for " 155 " read " 1.57." 

Add to note 3 : " 1000 is deducted for estimated number in 56th and 5Sth 
Ohio and a half section of Thurber's battery, left at Cramp's Landing. 10 
W. R. 170." 

Page 92. Antietam For " Morell's " read " Humphreys'," in 3d line. 

Page 98. ChanceltorsvilU and Fredericksburg. In note 4 insert "3d "next 
after " 2d." 

Page 111. Wilderness. Change reference to note 1 from " artillery" to" Long- 
street's Corps,'" and at " R. D. Johnston's brigade" change reference "3" 
to " 2." 

Add to note 1 : " Thomas's, Johnson's, and Grade's brigades absent (67 
W. R. 22). See Manassas to Appomattox, p. 553, as to strength of Longstreet's 
Corps." 

Page 113. DreuT!/s Bluff. Against " 4260 " cite " 68 W. R. 13 et seg." 

Page 115. Petersburg, June 15-18, 1864. Substitute "74,038" for "77,438," 
and change succeeding figures accordingly. 

Add to note 1 : " Hincks' division is above included in 18th Corps. Ferrero's 
division, estimated at .'5400, is deducted from strength of 9th Corps. 80 ,W. R. 
!',94." 

In note c change " 180" to " 2,53,2.'>4." and add " Va. Camp. 224." Add as 
note h: 69 W. R. SOI, and refer it to " 1624 '' (against Dearing's Cavalry). 

Add to note 3 ; " Included in the 1816 missing are 708 of the ."itli and 9th 
Corps, who must have beun lost on June 1 and 2, as these corps lost no ground 
which they gained on ,lune ;>. 

Page 118. WeUlon Railroad, August 18-21, 18(U. Add the following as note 4 : 
" On the Union 8i<le three divisions of tlie 9th Corps were despatched to the aid 



ERRA TA 

of the 5th. Of these the lat and 3d were engaged, but the 2d (Potter's), arriv- 
ing on the right of the 1st late in the day, took no part, and therefore it i3 not 
included in the Union force of 20,2S9. (87 W. R. 76, 427, 430, 543, 552.) On 
the Confederate side the records do not mention the presence of four of the eight 
brigades of Wilcox's and Heth's divisions of Hill's Corps ; bat as four bri- 
gades from Hoke's and Johnson's divisions of Beauregard's command, of about 
the same strength, joined Hill in the battle (87 W. R. 851, 936, 940 ; 88 W. R. 
360, 851, 936, 939, 940, 1186, 1187, 1192, 1217, 1224, 1227, 1272), 14,787 is not 
excessive for the number of Confederates in the battle. 

Page 123. Atlanta, July 22, 1864. For '' 16,.537 " present for duty July 10 
in Hardee's Corps, read " 16,567," and for " 40,438," read " 40,468." 

In note 5, last line but one, for " 3219 " read "5137," and add at the close : 
" About 560 should be added to this number to compensate for the addition of 
two thirds of the artillery reserve to these corps between July 10 and July 31 
(74 W. R. 680, note**) ; but the total of 5697 thus reached and the 80OO above 
adopted as an estimate of the loss are irreconcilable." 

Page 131. Boydton Plank Road. In note d, for " 89 W. R. 1156," read " 87 
■W.K. 160." 

Page 135. Appomattox Campaign. Under " Union Army," for " 78,061 " read 
" 81,601 ; " for " 27,762 " read " 27,790 ; " and for " 105,823 " read " 107,391 " ; 
and change succeeding figures accordingly. 

In note 5 strike out " headquarters, Post of City Pt."' 

In note 6 for '' general headquarters '" substitute " signal corps,'' and for 
" 7069 " read " 6319." 

Page 136. Under " Confederate Army," for " December 31 " read " Novem- 
ber 30," and for " March 24 " read " March 25." 

In note b strike out '• 172,301," and next after " 95 W. R. " insert " 803,810." 

In note 1 add " Dec. 19, 1864, 91 W. R. 941." 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 

In this edition the statements of numbers engaged at 
Cedar Creek and Petersburg, April 2, and in the Appo- 
mattox campaign have been changed or qualified by cor- 
rections for which the author is indebted to the kindness 
of several correspondents (pages 127, 136, and 139, and 
note 1, page 130). Colonel Pox, to whose Regimental 
Losses the present writer is much indebted, has, since 
the issue of the first edition of this book, pubUshed a 
very complete and admirable account of the battle of 
Gettysburg (New York at Gettysburg, vol. 1, pages 1- 
188). The present edition is corrected to conform to 
Colonel Fox's careful list of organizations whose num- 
bers are to be added to, or subtracted from, the number 
given in the returns of the armies in that battle. Basing 
his calculation upon the reports of the commanders of 
a laro-e number of regiments. Colonel Fox estimates the 
number of the Union army actually carried into action 
at Gettysburg at 85,674 (852 in 1000 of the present 
for duty), as compared with 88,289 effectives computed 
in this book, and the number of the Confederate army 
at 71,675, as compared with 75,000 which is here 
adopted. In comparing these numbers it is to be 
borne in mind that the bases of the computations differ. 
Colonel Fox includes all the organizations on the field, 
and deducts all men who did not remain in the ranks. 



III 



iv PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 

whether from straggling or other cause, while the pre- 
sent writer, for the purposes set out on pages 64-70, 
has endeavored to exclude all organizations not actually 
in the presence of the enemy, and to estunate the ef- 
fectives who ought to be in line at a fixed per cent, of 
the number present for duty on both sides. 

lu deference to the criticism that the meaning of the 
phrase " hit by 1000 " in the tables (pages 77 - 141) is 
not obvious, the author ventures the following explana- 
tion. The figures under this heading are given for the 
comparison of the loss inflicted by an anny with the loss 
it suffered. Such a comparison measures in some degree 
the courage and efficiency of an army. For example, 
the first table (page 77) shows that the Union army of 
28,452 men at Bull Run, in losing 1492 killed and 
wounded, and hitting 1969 of the enemy, lost 52 and 
inflicted a loss of 70 on the average for each thousand 
of its force. This is evidence that, although the Union 
army was ultimately routed, it was not without courage 
or efficiency. 

Taken alone, the loss suffered by a routed army is not 
a measure of courage. The force which had not the 
courage to stand long enough to inflict loss on the 
enemy probably would deserve no credit for suffering 
loss, however great. 

Examples of good execution on the enemy by an 
army which was finally routed are found on both sides 
in the list of routs, page 76. 

Another use of the comparison of the loss suffered 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION v 

•with the loss inflicted in some battles is to measure the 

skill of commanders. The general whose army stands 

fast under heavy loss without inflicting commensurate 

loss on its opponents is thereby put to the vindication 

of his own conduct. 

T. L. L. 

Boston, December 1, 1900. 



PREFACE 

This volume has grown from an essay which was 
read before the Military Historical Society of Massa- 
chusetts, February 23, 1897. Later research and study 
have led to changing many of the figures given in that 
essay. This is notably true of the numbers given for 
the strength of the armies engaged in the different 
battles. In the essay the number of those " present for 
duty " was used, but here, for reasons given in their 
place, the number of " effectives " is taken. This will 
explain, and excuse the author for, discrepancies be- 
tween citations made by others from the former essay 
and the figures here given. 

The articles " Military Training," in the Journal of 
the Military Service Institution of July, 1893, and 
" General Thomas in the Record," in volume x. of the 
Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, were writ- 
ten before the studies for this volume were begun ; and 
while, for the comparisons made in those articles, their 
figures do not need much if any amendment, they 
must give place to those given in this volume as an 
exact statement of numbers and losses. 

The author cannot hope that he has found everything 
in the 129 volumes of War Records that should be 
considered in a work like this, and it is hardly probable 
that he has entirely avoided errors in transcribing so 
many figures and making so many calculations, but he 



viii PREFACE 

trusts that the citation of volume and pag« for every 
number given will result in the correction of any that 
exist by those who use this work. 

The author earnestly hopes for criticism and amend- 
ment of what he has written, wherever they seem to be 
due, and especially by the survivors of those who were 
actors, on both sides, in the great events upon which 
this work touches. 

T. L. L. 

Boston, June 1, 1900. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

W. R. — War Records. The Tolomes are cited by the " serial " nnmbera 
which from volume xxri. are printed on the backs. It will facilitate reference 
for the reader to number prior volumes in the same manner. 

M. and D. — Messages and Documents of the War Department, ISfiiVGC. 

Reg. Losses. — Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, by William F. 
Fox. 

Va. Camp. — The Virginia Campaigns of 1864 and 1865, by Andrew A. 
Humphreys. 

M. II. M. — Military Historical Society of Massachusetts. 

Van Home. — History of the Army of the Cumberland, by Thomas B. 
Van Home. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES 



CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA 



TOTAL NtTMBER IN THE UNION ARMY. 

The enlistments in the Union_army during the War 
of the RebeUion numbered j, 898 ,304/ This number 
includes about 230,000 militia and " emergency men," 
who served for short terms, and some part of whom 
were not mustered into the United States service. 

The term of service (expiring by the terms of en- 
listment or by the close of the war), under 1,580,000 
of these enhstments, was from two weeks to fourteen 
months. 

The number of individuals under arms was con- 
siderably less than the number of enlistments, because 
of repeated enlistment by individuals. It is probable 
that many of the 200,000 men who served for short 
terms in 1861 and 1862 enlisted again. Over 200,000 
men reenlisted in the veteran regiments, the Veteran 
Reserve Corps and Hancock's Veteran Corps.^ 

TOTAL NUMBER IN THE CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

I It is most disappointing that the mass of records 

which have been published by the War Department 

' See post, p. 50. ' M. and D., Part III. 58-93. 



2 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

contains no summary of the number who were under 
arms on the Confederate side. General Cooper, the 
adjutant-general of the Confederate army, stated soon 
after the war that no such summary existed. The 
officials of the War Records Office, because of the in- 
complete and fragmentary character of the data in their 
possession, have never attempted to fix the nmiiber. 
As far as the writer has been able to learn, neither of 
the Confederate States kept a record of the number 
of men furnished to the Confederate service, and the 
statistics which can be obtained from the state author- 
ities are far from complete. I 

ESTIMATES OF CONFEDERATE W^KITERS. 

The total number of men in the Confederate armies 
has been estimated at 600,000 to 700,000 by General 
Marcus J. Wright,'^ and at about 600,000 by General 
Early ,^ Alexander H. Stephens,* and Dr. Joseph Jones,*^ 
surgeon-general of the United Confederate Veterans ; 
but, excepting the last-named, neither of these writers 
gives the source of his figures, and, as will appear 
below, the largest of these estimates is too low. It is 
a part of human nature which persuades the losers in 
war to believe that the result must have come from a 
great disparity in numbers. The sustained conflict and 
terrible loss of four years of war placed the reputation 

* So. Hist. Society Papers, vii. 290. 
' So. Hist. Society Papers, xix. 254. 

* So. Hist. Society Papers, ii. 20. 

* The War between the States, ii. 630. 

° So. Hist. Society Papers, vii. 289. Pamphlet entitled United 
Confederate Veterans, published at New Orleans, 1892, in files of 
M. H. M., p. 6. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 3 

of Southern valor so high that exaggerated statements 
of numbers cannot further exalt it in the estimation of 
the world. To prove that the estimated ratio of four to 
one between the two armies is not founded in fact does 
not diminish that reputation. The result of the war 
depended much upon the superiority of the North in 
material resources. This outweighed many men. On 
the other hand, it would not disparage Northern cour- 
age to establish a large disproportion in numbers, in 
view of the defensive attitude of the South, and the 
necessity of invading and occupying a constantly en- 
larging territory which was forced upon the Northern 
army. This required many more men than mere bat- 
tles upon equal terms would have required. 

Dr. Jones, in arriving at the estimate above mentioned, 
takes the following statistics of casualties in the Con- 
federate army, furnished by General Cooper : — 

KiUed in battle, 1861-65 53,973 

Wounded, 1861-65 194,026 

Captured, 1861-65 202,283 

and the following from the returns of the Confederate 
field and general hospitals for 1861-62 : — 

Killed 19,897 

Deaths in field hospitals from wounds . . . 1,623 
Deaths in general hospitals from wounds . . 2,618 
Deaths in field hospitals from disease . . . 14,597 
Deaths in general hospitals from disease . . 16,741 

35,579 

55,476 

Total wounded 72,713 

Prisoners 51,072 

Discharged 16,940 



4 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

He assumes that the mortality from wounds and 
disease in 18G3-G-i equaled that in 18(31-02, that 
100,000 deserted or were discharged, and that 20,000 
died in Northern prisons, and states that " at the close 
of the war, the available active force in the field num- 
bered scarcely 100,000 men;" and from all these figures 
he calculates the number serving in the Confederate 
army during the war at 600,000, as follows : — 

Grand total deaths from battle, wounds, and disease 200,000 

Losses of Confederate army in prisoners during the 
war, on account of the policy of non-exchange 
adopted and enforced by the United States . . 200,000 

Losses of the Confederate army from discharges and 

desertions during the years 1861-65 100.000 

Available active force in the field at close of war . 100,000 



600,000 

This estimate does not conform to the statistics cited 
by Dr. Jones. The mortality from wounds and disease 
in 1861-62, as shown by the citation from the hospital 
returns, was 35,579, and assuming, as Dr. Jones does, 
that the mortality from the same cause was the same in 
1863-6-1: as in 1861-62, we arrive at a total of 71,158 ; 
and adding the 53,973 killed in battle given by Gen- 
eral Cooper, the total deaths would appear to be 125,131, 
instead of 200,000, as stated by Dr. Jones. Against 
the 100,000 desertions and discharges estimated by him, 
the hospital returns as cited give only 16,940 discharges 
and no desertions. On the other hand, to Dr. Jones's 
estimate of 100,000 in the field at the close of the war 
it woiUd be necessary to add those borne on the rolls 
as absent from the field to arrive at the total number 
in the army at the close of the war. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 5 

ESTIMATE BASED ON CONFEDERATE MUSTER-ROLLS 
IN UNITED STATES WAR DEPARTMENT. 

There is exact and indisputable evidence upon which 
the numbers, as estimated by Dr. Jones and the other 
writers above mentioned, must be greatly enlarged. In 
the United States War Department there are Con- 
federate muster-rolls * which record the casualties of a 
considerable portion of the Confederate regiments for 
periods which average about two years. A tabulation 
of the losses there recorded shows — 

Killed in action 52,954 

Died of wounds 21,570 

Died of dis'ease 59,297 

Deserted 104,428 

Discharged 57,762 

Total 296,011 

From whicli perhaps there should be deducted ) ^^ ^_„ 
for deserters, who were returned to the ranks ° ) 

Leaving 274,955 

Colonel Fox, in his " Regimental Losses," says : " A 
summing-up of the casualties at each battle and minor 
engagement, using official reports only, and in their 
absence accepting Confederate estimates, indicates that 
94,000 men were killed or mortally wounded during 
the war." And referring to the tabulation from the 
Confederate muster-rolls above referred to, he says : 
" If the Confederate rolls could have been completed 
and then revised, — as has been done with the rolls of 
the Union regiments, — the number of killed as shown 
above (74,524) would be largely increased. As it is, 

» M. and D., Part III. 141. 
» M. and D., Part III. 139. 



6 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

the extent of such increase must remain a matter of 
conjecture." And he adds that the number of killed in 
the Union army, obtained by a similar tabulation of its 
muster-rolls, was afterwards increased 15,000 by " final 
statements " and affidavits filed at the Pension Bureau. 
In this revision all who died of wounds were included, 
whereas, in the reports of battles, only those who died 
on the field were usually reported among the killed 
and mortally wounded, and the large numbers of 
wounded who afterwards died of their wounds in the 
hospitals were reported as wounded. Many reported 
at the close of the action as missing were in fact killed 
in action.^ 

In view of the absence of Confederate reports of 
actions where large losses must have occurred, notably 
in 18G4 and 1865, any summing-up of the casualties 
from the reports must necessarily be incomplete, and 
the number (94,000) arrived at by Colonel Fox can be 
accepted only as a minimum. 

There is one measure which indicates that this num- 
ber must be too small. Mr. Kirkley, the statistician of 
the War Department, states that in the Union army, 
excluding the missing in action, 67,058 were killed, 
and 43,012 died of wounds.^ The same ratio would 
give 33,952 as the number who died of wounds, to 
the 52,934 returned on the Confederate muster-rolls as 
killed in action. The total of 86,886 killed and died 
of wounds, thus reached, must be much below the full 
number, in view of the fact that the returns cover an 

> Reg. Losses, 22, 47, 554. 

' Reg. Losses, 24. The earlier statement of the War Department 
(M. and D., Part III. 72-80) is superseded by this statement. 



NUMBERS AXD LOSSES AV THE CIVIL WAR 7 

averasre of only about two years, and include only 20 
reffiments of the 61 resriments and 3S battalions from 
Alabama.* 

The Confederate muster-roUs show that Dr. Jones's 
estimate of desertions and discharges is too small by 
40.873 at least ; and his estimate of 100,000 as the 
ayailable force in the field at the close of the war is 
proved to be too small by the record of 174,223 - who 
then surrendered. A further addition of about 270,000 
must be made for those on the rolls who did not then 
surrender.^ Dr. Jones's estimate of 200,000 as the loss 
in prisoners is too large. Only 63,442 remained in 
prison at the end of the war ; * 1955 had enlisted in the 
United States service,* and probably not over 40,000 
died in prison.^ 

Corrected as above suggested, Dr. Jones's estimate 
would stand as follows : — 

Killed in action • 94,000 

Died of disease 59.297 — 

Loss in prisoners, aboat 105,000 

Loss by desertion 83,372 

Loss by discharge * 57,762 

On rolls January 1, 1865 (less 63,442 prisoners) ' . 381,761 

781,192 

As this total of 781,192 includes, for discharges 
and desertions, only those recorded in the incomplete 
muster-rolls above referred to, it cannot be accepted as 
adequate. It is also to be remarked that 59,297 is, 

> Post, p. 29, » M. and D., Part L 45. 

• Post, p. 46. * M. and D., Part I. 45. 

' Reg. Losses, 50 and note. ° Ante, p. 5. 
' Post, p, 46. 



8 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

in all probability, too small a number for the deaths by 
disease. There were 249,458 deaths ' from disease and 
accident in the Union army, or 152 to a thousand men 
serving three years, computed below." The same ratio 
would have resiJted in 104,000 deaths from the same 
causes, at 152 to a thousand men serving three years 
iu the Confederate armies, as estimated below.^ It is 
reasonable to assume that the ratio of deaths from dis- 
ease and accident was at least as great in the Confed- 
erate as in the Union army. 

The above estimate of the numbers in the Confed- 
erate army, thus increased to 885,000, would still want 
the desertions and discharges not recorded, and many 
men in the militia and irregular or tehiporary organi- 
zations which had served for varying terms, but which 
were not borne on muster-rolls above mentioned or 
the returns of the armies at the close of the war. 

Dr. Jones makes the following surprising statement : * 
" During the period of nineteen months, January, 1862, 
July, 1863, inclusive, over one million cases of wounds 
and disease were entered upon the Confederate field 
reports, and over four hundred thousand cases of 
wounds upon the hospital reports. The number of 
cases of wounds and disease treated in the Confederate 
field and general hospitals were, however, greater dur- 
ing the following twenty-two months ending April, 
1865. It is safe to affirm, therefore, that more than 
three million cases of wounds and disease were cared 
for by the ofticers of the Medical Corps of the Con- 

» Reg. Losses. 527. ^ P.age 50. • Page 61. 

* United Confederate Veterans, 5, 6 ; So. Hist. Society Papers, 
XX. 114. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 9 

federate army during the Civil War of 1861-18G5. 
The figures, of course, do not indicate that the Con- 
federacy had in the field an army approaching three 
millions and a half. On the contrary, the Confederate 
forces engaged during the war 1861-1865 did not ex- 
ceed 600,000. Each Confederate soldier was, on an 
average, disabled for greater or less periods by wounds 
and sickness about six times during the war." 

In the Union army, 318,187 were wounded (of these 
43,012 died of wounds), and 67,058 were killed on the 
field.' The same ratio applied to 800,000, the least 
number which is deduced from Dr. Jones's statement 
for the wounded during the war, would give 168,000 as 
the number who died on the field, and 108,000 who died 
of wounds, — a total of 276,000. This is too large 
a number to be adopted without a critical examination 
of the Confederate hospital returns referred to. The 
writer has tried without success to learn where they 
might be found. 

OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE QUESTION 
OF NUMBERS. 

The method used above is not the only one which 
may be employed to arrive at the numbers in the Con- 
federate army. The census of 1860 affords a very 
reliable basis for an estimate, when taken in connection 
with the acts of the Confederate Congress for enroll- 
ing the military population of the Confederate States, 
and the records of the measures taken for the enforce- 
ment of these acts. Statistics of numbers, more or 
less complete, have been gathered and published by a 

* Reg. Losses, 47. 



10 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

number of the Southern States, which are of value. 
Lists of the organizations in the Confederate service 
have been prepared by several compilers, to which the 
statistics of the strength of organizations contained in 
the War Records may be applied, and the returns of the 
armies in the field contained in the War Records afford 
the best evidence of the number of men in service 
from time to time. It is the purpose of this essay to 
present the conclusions drawn from all these sources. 
Sometimes the strength of bodies of troops whose num- 
bers are not stated separately in the War Records is 
estimated. It is believed that the basis for such esti- 
mates has always been broad enough, and the methods 
of estimating conservative enough, to exclude serious 
error ; but such errors as may have resulted probably 
can be corrected by consiUting the original returns in 
the War Records Office. 

ESTIMATE BASED ON THE CENSUS OF 1860. 

Substantially the whole military population of the 
Confederate States was placed under arms in the War 
of the Rebellion. 

For about a year after the outbreak of hostihties, 
volunteeringf was relied on to fill the Confederate ranks. 
The earlier regiments were enlisted for twelve months, 
but the men in these regiments generally reenlisted 
under an act of the Confederate Congress of Decem- 
ber 11, 1861; and before the terms of these earlier 
regiments had expired, the act of April 16, 1862, 
authorized the President to call and place in service for 
three years all white men resident in the Confederate 
States between the ages of eighteen and thii-ty-five 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 11 

■who were not legally exempt from military service, and 
also required all such persons who were then in the 
service to remain in service for three years, but it per- 
mitted those exempt from military service to serve as 
substitutes for those not exempt. President Davis, April 
28, 1862, promulgated regulations for placing in the 
service all men to whom this act apphed,' and April 30 
the secretary of war announced in general orders that 
all such men were to be "enrolled for mihtary ser- 
vice." ■^ This law and the proceedings under it placed 
every man in the Confederacy who came within the 
definition of the law at once in the service, unlike the 
draft laws of the United States which placed no one 
in service until selected by draft. 

After the approval of this act of April 16, 1862, no 
law was passed for raising troops by volunteering from 
those liable to military service. An act approved Sep- 
tember 27, 1862, enlarged the conscription to include 
all white males, not exempt, between eighteen and forty- 
five years of age.' 

The Confederate authorities were very soon under 
pressure to thoroughly enforce the conscription laws. 
February 11, 1863, General Lee wrote to the secretary 
of war : " By the returns of last mouth forwarded 
to the department to-day, you will perceive that our 
strength is not much increased by the arrival of con- 
scripts : only four hundred and twenty-one are reported 
to have joined by enhstment, and two hundred and 
eighty-seven have returned from desertion, making an 
aggregate of seven hundred and sixty-eight ; whereas 
our loss by death, discharges, and desertion amounts to 
1 127 W. R., 1094. ' 127 W. R., 1104. 

» M. and D., Part lU. 121 ; 128 W. R., 160. 



12 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

eighteen hundred and seventy-eight. Now is the time 
to gather all our strength, and prepare for the struggle 
which must take place in the next three months. 1 beg 
you to use every means in your power to fiU up oiu: 
ranks." ' 

Again, November 29, 1863, General Lee wrote to 
President Davis : " I think it a matter of the first im- 
portance that our armies now in the field shall be 
retained in service, and recruited by wise and effective 
legislation. This cannot be done too soon. The law 
should not be open to the charge of partiality, and I 
do not know how this can be accomplished without em- 
bracing the whole population capable of bearing arms, 
with the most limited exceptions, avoiding anything 
that would look like a distinction of classes." ^ And 
again, January 25, 1804, he wrote* to the secretary 
of war, protesting against raising further companies 
of artillery and cavalry and organizations promising 
service near home which might allure men from the 
infantry, and said : " Already such organizations have 
in a good degree absorbed those men upon whom we 
relied to swell our reduced ranks for the coming cam- 
paign, and the consequences, in my judgment, involve 
the question of our ability to keep the field against 
the largely recruited armies of the enemy. Unless 
every man who belongs to the army be retained, and 
all fit for effective service be sent to it promptly so as 
to increase materially its present strength, we must rely 
for deliverance from our enemies upon other means 
than our arms. I trust that the truth of this assertion 
may be realized in time." 

> M. and D., Part IH. 121 ; 108 W. R.. 680. 
M9W. R.,853. > CO W. R., 1120. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 13 

In response to such demands as these, the Confederate 
Concrress went to extremes in the following acts : — 

a'h act of December 28, 1863,' prohibited conscripts 
from sending substitutes. An Act of January 5, 1864,^ 
canceled the exemptions previously granted to persons 
liable to duty who had furnished substitutes. An act 
of February 17, 1864,=' repealed all previous grants of 
exemption on whatever ground, and estabhshed a new 
and narrower list of exemptions, but gave the power 
to the Secretary of War under the President to exempt 
or detail such other persons as he might be satisfied 
ought to be exempted on account of public necessity. 

This act also declared " that, from and after the pas- 
sage of this act, all white men residents of the Confed- 
erate States, between the ages of seventeen and fifty, 
shall be in the miUtary service of the Confederate States 
for the war." Under this act all within its scope were 
made a part of the army without the necessity of any 
proclamation, notice, enrolhnent or other action by the 
authorities. It remained only for the military authori- 
ties to sweep the body of recruits thus created into the 
ranks. The thoroughness with which they performed 
this duty is indicated by the correspondence which is 

set out below. 

April 30, 1864, the superintendent of the Confeder- 
ate Bureau of Conscription, in reporting the work of 
his bureau from January 1, 1864, said : ' " This report 

» M. and D., 1865-66, Part HI. 122 ; 129 W. R., 11, 12. 

« M. and D., 1865-66, Part III. 121 ; 129 W. R., 178. 

" M. and D., 1865-66, Part IH. 122 ; 129 W. R., 354. 



14 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

indicates but a very meagre portion of tlie work which 
has been performed. The results are the scanty glean- 
insrs from an almost unhmited and nearly exhausted 
field of labor, every inch of which has to be searched, 
analyzed, and classified, in every relation to the great 
problem of recruiting and maintaining the armies. No 
attribute which pertains to society or civil economy 
but has been subjected to the scrutiny and action of 
this bureau and its agencies. With the incompetent 
means under its control, all has been done which could 
be effected by zeal and dihgence. The results indicate 
this grave consideration for the government that fresh 
material for the armies can no longer be estimated as 
an element of future calculation for their increase, and 
that necessity demands the invention of de\'ices for 
keeping in the ranks the men now borne on the rolls. 
The stern revocation of all details, an appeal to the 
patriotism of the States claiming large numbers of able- 
bodied men, and the accretions by age, are now almost 
the only unexhausted sources of supply. For conscrip- 
tion from the general population, the functions of this 
bureau may cease with the termination of the year 1864. 
. . . The functions of conscription are now narrowed 
down to a system of delicate gleaning from the popu- 
lation of the country, involving the most laborious, 
patient, cautious, and intelhgent investigation into the 
relations of every man to the public defense. There 
are but few left whose appropriate duties in these rela- 
tions have not been defined, and it thence becomes the 
province of the conscription agents to weigh and de- 
termine whether those relations may not be disturbed 
for the purpose of sending more men into the field and 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 15 

distributing them for the general service." Further 
along he speaks of certain selected officers " who were 
the practiced and trained soldiers and judges on whom 
I relied to sustain me in my hard duty of wringing 
from the wasted population the scanty remnant of men, 
and at the same time to preserve, as far as our military 
need would permit, the enfeebled productive energies 
of the country." 

August 23, 1864, General Lee wrote to the Secre- 
tary of War : " Unless some measures can be devised to 
replace our losses, the consequences may be disastrous. 
I think that there must be more men in the country 
liable to military duty than the small numbers of recriuts 
received would seem to indicate. . . . Our numbers are 
daily decreasing, and the time has arrived, in my opin- 
ion, when no man should be excused from service ex- 
cept for the purpose of doing work absolutely necessary 
for the support of the army. If we had here a few 
thousand men more to hold the stronger parts of our 
lines where an attack is least likely to be made, it would 
enable us to employ with good effect our veteran troops. 
Without some increase of strength, I cannot see how 
we are to escape the natural military consequences of 
the enemy's numerical superiority." * 

September 2, 1864, he wrote to the President : ^ "I 
beg leave to call your attention to the importance of 
immediate and vigorous measures to increase the strength 
of our armies, and to some suggestions as to the mode 
of doing it. The necessity is now great, and will soon 
be augmented by the results of the coming draft in 
the United States. As matters now stand, we have no 

> 88 W. R., 1199. » 88 W. R., 1228. 



16 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

troops disposable to meet movements of the enemy or 
strike when opportunity presents, without taking them 
from the trenches and exposing some important point. 
The enemy's position enables him to move his troops to 
the right or left without our knowledge, until he has 
reached the point at which he aims, and we are then 
compelled to hurry our men to meet him, incurring the 
risk of being too late to check his progress, and the 
additional risk of the advantage he may derive from 
their absence. This was fully illustrated in the late 
demonstration north of James River, which called troops 
from our lines here, who, if present, might have pre- 
vented the occupation of the Weldou Railroad. These 
rapid and distant movements also fatigue and exhaust 
our men, greatly impairing their efficiency in battle. 
It is not necessary, however, to enumerate all the rea- 
sons for recruiting our ranks. The necessity is as well 
known to your Excellency as to myself, and as much the 
object of your solicitude. The means of obtaining men 
for field duty, as far as I can see, are only three." 
These means he specifies as follows : 1st. Replacing all 
able-bodied white men employed as cooks, mechanics, 
and laborers with negroes, and sending them to the 
ranks. 2d. A rigid inspection of the rolls of exempted 
and detailed men, and placing all in the army who 
would not be entitled to discharge from the army. 
3d. Calling out the entire reserve force (i. e. those 
below and above military age), who, he says, " can ren- 
der great service in connection with regular troops by 
taking their places in trenches, forts, etc., and leav- 
ing them free for active operations ; " and he adds : " In 
my opinion the necessity for them will never be more 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 17 

urgent or their services of greater value than now ; and 
I entertain the same views as to the importance of 
immediately bringing into the regular service every man 
liable to military duty." 

September 26 he wrote* to General Bragg, then 
the commander of the Confederate armies : " I cannot 
impress upon you too strongly the imperious necessity 
of getting all our men subject to military duty to the 
field. We should have them with the armies now. . . . 
I get no additions. The men coming in do not supply 
the vacancies caused by sickness, desertions, and other 
casualties. If things thus continue, the most serious 
consequences must result. ... If I had negroes to 
replace the teamsters, cooks, and hospital attendants, 
I coidd increase each division many hundred men. 
Unless they are sent to me rapidly, it may be too late." 

October 4, 1864, he wrote to the Secretary of War,'* 
again urging the employment of negroes, and as fol- 
lows : " The men at home on various pretexts must be 
brought out aud be put in the army at once, unless we 
would see the enemy reap the great moral and material 
advantages of a successful issue of his most costly cam- 
paign. I know it will produce suffering, but that must 
be endured, as all people engaged in a struggle like 
ours have done before. If we can get out our entire 
arms-bearing population in Virginia and North Caro- 
lina, and relieve all detailed men with negroes, we may 
be able, with the blessing of God, to keep the enemy in 
check to the beffinnina: of winter." 

October 5 the Secretary of War, in reply ,^ advised 

> 88 W. R., 1292. " 89 W. R., 1134. 

» 89 W. R., 1135. 



18 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

hiin that orders had been issued to carry out his re- 
quests, including the employment of all free negroes 
between eighteen and fifty and some 14:,000 slaves. 
October 10 General Lee also wrote ' that he thought 
that a reexamination of all the men exempted because 
of physical disability would secure some recruits, and 
he added : " From all the information I get, Grant's 
army is being heavily reinforced, and additions are 
being made daily. He expects to accumulate a force 
by which he can extend beyond our right and left, 
when I fear it will be impossible to keep him out of 
Richmond." 

In February, 18G5, the superintendent of the Bureau 
of Conscriptions reported to the Secretary of War in 
detail by classes the number of persons exempt from 
conscription by physical disability or by law, or detailed 
in each State east of the Mississippi, the total of which 
(including ■4612 detailed in government bureaus and 
departments) was 87,863,^ The minuteness of this 
report makes it impossible to believe that any consider- 
able number who were not exempt from military ser- 
vice escaped the search of the Bureau of Conscription, 
and, taken in connection with the urgency shown in the 
legislation and correspondence above set out, it war- 
rants the assertion that, in that part of the Confederacy 
east of the Mississippi, substantially every male white 
from seventeen to fifty was swept into the ranks of the 
Confederate army, excepting the 87,863 exempts, and 
those who were in hiding or had joined the Union 
army. The proclamation of the governor of North 
Carolina, December 20, 1864:, calling out all men who 
' 89 W. R., 1144. "■ M. and D., Fart Ul. VoO-loS ; 129 AV. R., 1099. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 19 

were able to stand behind breastworks and fire a 
musket/ is confirmatory of this. Those joining the 
Union army were, with unimportant exceptions, all 
from Tennessee. There were thirty regiments, num- 
bering 31,092, from this State.^ These were offset by 
thirty regiments, nine battalions, and eleven batteries 
from the border States, regularly enrolled in the Con- 
federate army,* besides the miUtia and temporary organ- 
izations.* 

In the States west of the Mississippi the general in 
command of the department called for volunteers not 
subject to conscription, for local defense and special 
service, in September, 1863,^ and issued orders, May 27, 
1864,'^ for enrolling all persons liable to military duty, 
and for the assignment of conscripts to the different 
organizations. Colonel Stone's list, hereafter referred 
to,' attributes 46 regiments, 21 battalions, and 22 com- 
panies (equal to 58 regiments) to Arkansas, and 71 
regiments, 12 battalions, and 53 companies (equal to 
83 regiments) to Texas.^ The United States census 
for 1860 gives Arkansas 65,231 and Texas 92,145 
male whites between 18 and 45 years of age, a total 
of 157,376, which is increased to 180,000 by the addi- 

» 89 W. R., 1284. ' Reg. Losses, 523. 

' Reg. Losses, 5.53. 

* Colonel Stone's list, referred to hereafter (p. 29), attributes 37 
regiments to Missouri and 20 to Kentucky. The writer's list (post, 
p. 55) includes 45 for Missouri and 42 for Kentucky, counting 2 
battalions as a regiment. 

« 33 W. R., 996. • 64 W. R., 632. 

' Page 29. 

' The writer's list (post, p. 55) gives 50 regiments and 25 bat- 
talions to Arkansas, and 64 regiments and 11 battalions to Texas. 



20 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

tions and deductions named below.' This is about 
1280 to the regiment, or 50 less than the minimum 
that can be accepted as the average strength of the 
Confederate regiments." These figures leave no reason 
to doubt that conscription west of the Mississippi was 
effective in persuading or forcing the whole military 
population into the service, whether in regular or ir- 
regular organizations. A piece of evidence strongly 
tending to prove that the Confederacy drew the last 
available white man who could be found into the army 
is afforded in the measures which were taken to put 
negroes, both slaves and free, into service. March 13, 
1805, an act of the Confederate Congress authorizing 
this ^ was approved by the President ; and March 15 
orders were issued for raising companies of negro sol- 
diers,* and active measures for a general recruitment 
of negroes were carried on down to April, 1865, the 
day before Five Forks.° 

We are now led to the question, how many male 
whites were there in the Confederacy subject to the 
conscript laws, and we turn to the United States cen- 
sus for 1860. 

MILITAKY POPULATION OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES 
BY THE CENSUS OF 1860. 

The acts of the Confederate Congress of April 16 
and September 16, 1862, were interpreted to include 
youths of 18 and men of 45, and the act of February 
17, 1864, likewise was interpreted to include the ex- 

> Page 22. » See post, p. 39. 

« 96 W. R., 1318. * 96 W. R., 1318. 

» 97 W. R., 1348, 1356, 1370. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 21 

tremes of 17 and 50.* The two first-named acts, 
therefore, included all shown by the United States 
census of 1860 (Part XVIII.) from 18 to 45 inclusive, 
as follows : — 

Alabama ^^jf^ 

Arkansas ... ^ '" 

Florida 15,739 

Georgia lll'"05 

Louisiana f '^^^ 

Mississippi 70,29o 

North Carolina 115,309 

South Carolina 55,04& 

Tennessee 159,353 

Texas 92.145 

Virginia (ex. West Virginia) 116M9 

984,475 
All who were from 13 to 16 inclusive, in 1860, be- 
came by 1864 Uable to conscription under these acts. 
Their number may be computed as equal to -^^ of the 
number shown by the census of 1860 to be from 10 to 
19 inclusive, or, in round numbers, at 265,00*0. Be- 
sides those who were from 18 to 45, all who were 46 
in 1860 became subject to conscription in 1864. The 
number who were 46 may be computed as equal 
to tV of the number shown by the census to be from 
40 to 49 inclusive, or, in round numbers, at 20,000. 

We thus arrive at 1,269,000, in round numbers, as 
the total number living in 1861 who came within the 
terms of the conscription acts. As will be shown later, 
350,000 were in the army in January, 1862. From 
the remaining 919,000 a deduction is to be made for the 
natural death rate of one per cent, per annum, which, 
1 M. and D., Part III. 130-138; 127 W. R., 1095, 1105; 129 
W. R., 1102, 1109. 



22 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

upon the assumption that the average delay in brings 
ing the conscripts into the ranks was eighteen months, 
should be 2] per cent, from the end of 1860, equal to 
23,000 in round numbers. The exempts for all causes 
and of details east of the Mississippi were 87,863.' 
The number west of the Mississippi may be computed, 
in the same proportion to the military population, at 
17,000. The cotal of these deductions is 127,863. 
The remainder out of 1,269,000 is, in round numbers, 
1,141,000 men. Besides this number were those com- 
posing the Senior and Junior Reserves, the militia, and 
other organizations not a part of the regularly enrolled 
force, composed mainly of persons over or under the 
conscript age and of exempts. The number included 
in these organizations cannot be ascertained with cer- 
tainty. The male whites from 10 to 12 years and from 
47 to 56 years, in 1860, may be estimated from the cen- 
sus at 300,000. This number, reduced by 4 per cent, 
for natural deaths, added to the exempts and details 
stated above at 110,863 would give about 400,000 as 
the maximum number which could be drawn into these 
irregidar organizations. In view of this maximum, and 
of the physical disabilities attendant upon the extreme 
ages included in this number, the estimate of 98,000 
as the number embraced in the irregular organiza- 
tions contained below * is possibly not far from correct. 
This number added to 1,141,000, the number above 
estimated as regularly enrolled, would give 1,239,000 
as the total number who took up arms. Those who 
escaped service in North Carolina and Tennessee ' may 

> M. and D., Part m. 130 et seq. ' Page 36. 

' Post, pp. 23, 24. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 23 

be ofEset against those who joined the Confederate army 
from the border States.^ 

ESTIIIATES OF CON'FEDERATE STATE OFFICIALS COM- 
PABED WITH THE ABOVE ESTIMATE FEOM THE CENSUS. 

The above estimate of 1,141,000 as the number within 
the military age — from 17 to 50 — is 116 per cent, of 
the 984,175 given by the census of 1860 as between 
18 and 45. Statistics and estimates given out during 
and since the war by officials of several States, when 
compared in the same way with the census of these 
States for 1860, tend to confirm the above conclusion 
that substantially the entire military population of the 
Confederate States not exempted by law were enrolled 
in the army. 

The roster of North Carolina troops, made up since 
the war, gives the names of 104,498 men, and the author 
estimates that missing names would bring the number 
up to 120,000. The Junior Reserves,* numbering 4077, 
are included in the roster. 116 per cent, of 115,369 
between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by the cen- 
sus, is 133,828. This would leave 18,000 not in ser- 
vice. In this number were embraced those unable to 
bear arms and those who eluded military service. In 
this State and in Tennessee there were a good many 
of this latter class who took refuge in the mountains 
or wilderness, and thereby escaped the officers of the 
Bureau of Conscription. 

The basis for a comparison of the number shown by 
the census of 1860 with the number under arms for 

» Ante, p. 19. 

* Here and in subsequent mention this title includes two regi- 
ments of Senior Reserves. 



24 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

the Confederacy is not as well established in the case 
of Tennessee as in that of North Carolina. IIG per 
cent, of the number of male whites in Tennessee from 
18 to 451 is 184,850. Of these 31,092 joined the 
Union army." There were in the Confederate army 
the equivalent, all told, including irregular organ- 
izations, of 111 regiments.^ The 93 regiments reg- 
ularly enrolled ■* at 1330 to a regiment ^ would nimiber 
123,690, and the other 18 regiments at 617 to a regi- 
ment '^ would number 11,106, which, with the number 
serving in the Union army, would give a total of 
165,888, leaving about 19,000 not accounted for. It 
is not probable that so many as this avoided se^^^ce, 
but the proximity to the border doubtless enabled a 
greater proportion to escape than the geographical situ- 
ation allowed in North Carolina. If 1540 were adopted 
as the average strength of the 93 regiments regularly 
enrolled,' a total of 185,418 would be reached in place 
of the above 165,888. 

The Adjutant-General's office of South Carolina in 
1890 estimated that about 60,000 entered the Con- 
federate service from that State.* 116 per cent, of 
55,046 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by 
the census, is 63,853. 

In the journal of the House of Representatives of 
Mississippi for 1865 it is stated that that State fur- 
nished between 70,000 and 80,000 to the Confederate 

* Ante, p. 21. ' Eeg. Losses, 554. 

• Post, pp. 29, 55. * Reg. Losses, 553. 
» Post, p. 39. • Post. p. 36. 

' Post, p. 37. • United Confederate Veterans, 33. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR 25 

army.^ 116 per cent, of 70,295 between 18 and 45 in 
that State, as shown by the census, is 81,542. 

Governor Brown of Georgia, in 1865, wrote to the 
Confederate Secretary of War that his State had fur- 
nished the Confederate service over 100,000 men, be- 
sides the Reserve Militia and State Line.^ (See 47 W. 
R., 307-313, and 74 W. R., 970.) 116 per cent, of 
111,005 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by 
the census, is 128,765. 

The Adjutant-General of Florida, in 1891, estimated 
the number of troops furnished by that State to the 
Confederate States at about 15,000.^ 116 per cent, of 
15,739 between 18 and 45 in that State, as shown by 
the census, is 18,257. The Adjutant-General's estimate 
probably did not include recruits, for the War Recoras 
have mention of 14 regiments regularly in the Con- 
federate army, the original strength of which was 
probably about 15,000. 

The Secretary of State of Louisiana, in his report 
for 1889,^ gives the total " original enrollment of 
troops" mustered into the Provisional Confederate 
States army as 55,820. The term " original enroll- 
ment " probably excludes recruits. That it was so 
intended may be inferred from the fact that, while the 
State sent at least 38 regiments of infantry,* the Secre- 

* Letter of Adjutant-General of Mississippi to Hon. H. D. 
Money, January 25, 1895, in the files of M. H. M. 

' Pamphlet entitled " Correspondence between the Secretary of 
War and Governor Brown," growing out of a requisition made 
upon the governor for the reserve militia of Georgia, etc. Macon, 
Georgia. Brighton, Nesbit, Barnes & Moore, State Printers. 

* United Confederate Veterans, 24. 

* See Colonel Jones's roster, post, p. 27. 



26 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

tary of State gives 36,243 as the " total original enroll- 
meut of infantry." * It is probable also that the Sec- 
retiiry of State does not include irregular organizations 
and reserves, which were equivalent to IG regiments.^ 
116 per cent, of 83,156 between 18 and 45 in that 
State, as shown by the census, is 96,808. 

ESTIMATE OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCE FROM THE 
NUMBER OF REGIMENTS, ETC. 

The War Records do not contain any official roll of 
all the regiments and lesser organizations in the Con- 
federate army, but there are four lists, which have been 
compiled from private research, which afford a basis for 
computing the number of men in the army. 

Colonel Charles C. Jones, formerly of the Confed- 
erate army, has published a roster,^ in which are named 
530 regiments, 15 legions, and 51 battalions of infan- 
try ; 125 regiments, 2 legions, 53 battahons, and 1 
company of cavalry ; and 13 regiments, 21 battaUons, 
and 25 batteries of artillery, as shown by the following 
table, which has been made from this roster. The 
total is equivalent to 750 regiments, assuming a regi- 
ment to be equal to a legion, to 2 battahons, and to 10 
batteries. 

' United Confederate Veterans, 28. 

* Post, p. 29 ; Reg. Losses, 553. 

* So. Hist Society Papers, i., ii., iii. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 27 
TABLE MADE FROM COLONEL JONEs's ROSTER. 









INFANTRY 


CAVALRY 


ARTILLERY 




1 

a 
■s, 
& 

57 
34 

9 
65 
11 
35 
49 
15 

1 
58 
35 
67 
22 
64 

8 

530 


a 
o 

! 
1 

2 

2 

10 
15 


3 

12 

2 

22 

6 

3 

1 
5 

51 


1 

J 

« 

3 
6 
2 
10 
9 
1 
6 
6 

6 

7 

12 

32 

19 

6 

125 


S 

o 

s 

2 
2 


2 

1 

7 

2 
12 
11 
14 

4 

53 


1 

1 


s 

a 
.1 

& 

1 

1 

4 
3 

4 
13 


m 

a 
o 

a 
6 

4 

11 
21 


J 


Alabama . . 
Arkansas . . 
Florida . . 
Georgia . , 
Kentucky 
Louisiana 
Mississippi . 
Missouri . . 
Maryland 
North Carolina 
South Carolina 
Tennessee . 
Texas . . . 
Virginia . . 
Confederate 






3 
22 


Total .... 


25 



This roster apparently is confined to organizations 
regularly enrolled in the army of the Confederacy, 
and does not include militia, home guards, organiza- 
tions for local defense, or Senior Reserves or Junior 
Reserves,^ which, altogether, constituted a considera- 
ble part of the force under arms at one time and an- 
other. The author says that this roster was derived 
in part from papers in private hands, and it is not veri- 
fied by reference to official records. That it is not 
complete is shown by several authorities. Dr. Jones, 
in articles above cited," gives a list of Confederate 
organizations which adds to that of Colonel Jones, 5 

* For instance, it omits 5 regiments and 1 battalion of Junior Re- 
serves, vphich appear in Moore's roster of North Carolina troops. 

" So. Hist. Society Papers, xx. 119. Pamphlet United Confed- 
erate Veterans, 8. 



28 A'L'ilBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 



regiments, 20 battalions, and omits 1 legion and 25 bat- 
teries. 

Colonel Fox, in " Regimental Losses," p. 552, says 
there is a " compilation made from the official rosters 
of the Confederate armies as they stood at various 
battles and at various dates covering the entire period 
of the -war," which " shows that the different States 
kept the following regimental organizations in almost 
continuous service in the field." This list gives: — 





REOD(EKT9 


BATTALIONS 


BATTERIES 


InfanttT 

Cavalry' 

Partisan rangers .... 
Heavy artillery .... 
Artillery . . ' 


529 
127 

8 
5 


So 

47 

1 

6 


261 


Total 


669 


139 


261 



These organizations, the author says, were, " in all, 
equivalent to 764 regiments of 10 companies each ; " 
and he adds that the hst does not include regiments 
which served for a short time only, or disbanded or 
consolidated regiments, militia. Junior Reserves, Sen- 
ior Reserves, home guards, local defense regiments, or 
separate companies. 

In the preparation of this work the writer has noted 
mention in the War Records * prior to November, 1863, 
of 720 regiments and 206 battalions of infantry and 
cavalry of the character of those contained in Colonel 
Fox's list.- With the batteries in Colonel Fox's list 
these make a total equal to 849 regiments. 

' Nearly half the War Records referred to were pablished later 
than Colonel Fox's work. 
* See table, post, p. 55. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 29 



The late Colonel Henry Stone ^ kindly placed at the 
disposal of the writer a list which he had gathered of 
all Confederate orgfanizations mentioned in the War 
Records. 
Ust: — 



The following table was made from this 



TABLE MADE FROM COLONEL STONE S LIST. 





INFANTRY 


CAVALRY 


ARTILLERY 




a 




1 

£3 


S 

■3 


1 

1 


, 


1 


1 

a 
a 
a, 


s 
g 

a 


% 


■| 




Q£ 






B 


■s, 




g 


H 


'& 


H 




























55 


^ 


n 
18 



4 


6 


>j 


18 


10 


A 


pq 
2 





Alabama . . . 


17 


Arkansas . . . 


42 




14 


2 


4 




5 


4 




2 


16 


Florida . . . 


9 




1 


16 


2 




3 


6 




1 


15 


Georgia . . . 


67 


3 


14 


9 


7 




21 










Kentucky . . . 


9 








11 




1 










Louisiana . . . 


38 




22 




3 




13 


8 


5 


3 


19 


Mississippi . . 


53 




21 




25 


1 


4 






1 


9 


Missouri . . . 


30 








7 














North Carolina . 


74 


1 


12 


4 


6 




12 


2 


2 




9 


South Carolina . 


5.3 


3 


14 


8 


7 




7 


13 


3 


3 


25 


Tennessee . . . 


78 




24 




10 




11 


17 




1 


35 


Texas .... 


.35 


1 


4 


14 


3:j 




8 


15 


2 




24 


Virginia . . . 


99 


1 


19 


5 


16 




40 


26 


4 


12 


58 


Confederate or 
























Prov. Army . 


5 
642 


9 


163 


62 


137 


1 


143 


101 


16 


25 




Total . . . 


227 



The 805 regiments and legions, 331 battalions, 163 
companies, and 227 batteries in the above table were 
equal in all to 1009 ? regiments, which exceeds the 
number (849) ascertained as stated above by 160 regi- 
ments. Colonel Stone said that possibly some organiza- 
tions were numbered more than once in his list by reason 
of change of their title, or of consolidation ; yet these 
instances cannot be many, and the larger number of 
organizations in his list is probably due, with few excep- 

* Member of Military Historical Society of Massachusetts. 



30 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

tions, to the inclusion in it of the mihtia and other 
irregular organizations, which are excluded from the 
other two lists. For instance, there are included in 
Colonel Stone's list 2 battalions Georgia State Guards, 
(which were not all that were in service), 5 regiments 
Mississippi militia, 9 regiments North Carolina militia, 
and 5 regiments Junior Reserves, 5 regiments " State 
Troops," and 6 regiments of militia from South Caro- 
lina, and 33 regiments Virginia militia, besides 163 
companies. 

ORIGINAL STRENGTH OF CONFEDERATE REGIMENTS, 
AND THE NUMBER OF RECRUITS. 

The act of the Confederate Congress of March 6, 
1861,' provided for 100,000 volunteers for twelve 
months, and authorized the President to hmit the pri- 
vates in a company, in his discretion, at from 64 to 100. 
The officers, non-commissioned officers, and musicians 
would increase each of these limits by 12 or 14. The 
act of May 10, 1861,- authorized him to receive any com- 
pany of light artillery with such complement of officers 
and men as seemed proper to him. Another act of 
March 6, 1S61,' provided for the creation of the small 
regular army of the Confederate States. It prescribed 
that each regiment should consist of 10 companies, and 
that each company should number 104 in the infantry 
and 72 in the cavalry. The act of May 8, 1861,' pro- 
vided for volunteers for the war, and for their organi- 
zation, as provided in the act of March 6. A circular 
of the Confederate War Department, issued in Novem- 
ber, 1861, pro\4ded that no company should be accepted 

' 127 W. R.. 126-131. ' 127 W. R., 309. 

• 127 W. R.. 302. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 31 

with less than 64 privates in the infantry, 60 in the 
cavalry, and 70 in the artillery,' and that a regiment 
should consist of 10 companies.^ A circular of the 
Secretary of War to the same effect, and allowing 
existing companies to be raised to 125, was issued 
February 22, 1862.^ The act of October 11, 1862, 
provided that a company of infantry should consist of 
at least 125 rank and file, a company of artillery of at 
least 150 rank and file, and a company of cavalry of 
at least 80 rank and file. This act did not go into 
effect until the formation of new regiments had nearly 
if not quite ceased, and therefore it would not be safe to 
adopt these numbers for the strength of the companies 
when they were enrolled into the service ; and the num- 
ber in a company must be assumed to have been origi- 
nally between the limits of 64 and 100, as prescribed 
by the act of March 6, 1861. The War Records do not 
give the strength of organizations at date of entry in 
the service, but there are lists of organizations with the 
total numbers present and absent of five of the chief 
armies in the early part of 1862, before they were re- 
cruited much, if any, but not before they had suffered 
some loss in campaigning, from which the average 
strength of companies at that time can be ascertained. 
They show the following : — 

1 127 W. R., 765. 

^ The Confederate Adjutant-General, December 13, 1861, as- 
sumed that there were 10 companies to a regiment in all arms. 
(127 W. R., 823.) 

» 127 W. R., 790. 



32 NmtBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 



1B$2 



Jannary ' Northern Virginia ' . . . 

" .Centra] of Kentucky - . . 

" 1st Div. of Western Dept.' . 

February Alabama and West Florida * 
April lU Dept. of North Carolina^ . 



Total 



1 


1 


i 


S 

sa 


1 


K 

112 


3 


46 


HO 


ED 


1181 


98,050 


47 


6 


12 


512 


39,548 


27 


8 


14 


324 


44,783 


20 


4 


8 


228 


16,206 


25 
231 


1 
22 


28 

108 


283 


26,433 


2528 


207.020 



83 
77 
7« 
79 
93 

S1.8 



The number of companies is above computed on the 
basis of 10 to a regiment and legion/ and 5 to a bat- 
talion, and, although some battalions had a company 
more or less than this number, the variation would not 
probably lower the average.' 

March 1, 1862, the Confederate Adjutant-General 
reported the strength of 369 regiments and 89 bat- 
talions, two thirds of them twelve months' troops, at 
340,250, an average of 823 to the regiment.* 

It will be seen in the above table that in the Depart- 
ment of North Carolina the average of the company 
was 93 ; and even in the Army of Northern Virginia, 
which had made the Bull Run campaign, it was 83. 
A return of Beauregard's corps, Army of the Potomac, 



" Vol. vii. p. 852. 
* Vol. vi. p. 819. 



» Vol. V. pp. 1015, 1029-1031. 

* Vol. vii. p. 853. 

' Vol. ix. pp. 459, 460. 

° Hampton's legion originally had 11 companies. Cobb's had 10 
companies, and Phillips's had 9 companies. (127 W. R., 304, 
788.) 

' The 24 battalions in service for the war, December 13, 1861, 
contained 149 companies, an average of 6j\. (127 W. R., 788, 
790.) 

» 127 W. R., 963. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 33 

August 31, 1861/ gives an average of 1037 per regi- 
ment iu the 32 regiments and 1 battalion of that 
army. June 23, 1862, General Longstreet reported 
that the Vuginia troops in his command, consisting of 
23 regiments, 1 battalion, and 17 batteries, numbered 
18,993,- equal to about 754 men to the regiment. This 
was after two campaigns. 

Another return shows the strength of regiments in 
three brigades of the Central Army of Kentucky as 831 
in November, 1861,^ and another shows that the aver- 
age number per regiment in 9 regiments and 4 bat- 
talions in ZolUcoffer's command in September, 1861, 
was 957.* The " Roster of the Louisiana Troops mus- 
tered into the Provisional Army of the Confederate 
States," prepared by Colonel Oscar Aroyo, Secretary 
of State,' shows 36,243 original enlistments in the 
infantry, 4024 in the artillery, and 10,056 in the cav- 
alry. This gives an average of 906 to the regiment 
for the 35 regiments and 10 battalions of infantry, 
and 874 to the regiment for the 2 regiments and 26 
batteries of artillery embraced in Colonel Fox's list.* 
It is evident that 10,056 men could not have been 
originally enrolled in the two regiments and one bat- 
talion of cavalry embraced in Colonel Fox's list, but 
the average per regiment in the 3 regiments, 13 bat- 
talions, and 8 squadrons embraced in Colonel Stone's 
list^ would be 976. In view of the loss from death, 
discharge, and desertion which had inevitably been suf- 

1 5 W. R., 824, 825. ' 14 W. R., 614, 615. 

« 4 W. R., 484, 552. * 4 W. R., 409. 

' Cited in United Confederate Veterans, 28. 
' Regimental Losses, 553. ' Ante, p. 29. 



34 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

fered by the armies embraced in the above table,' the 
most of the organizations composing them having en- 
tered the service in 18G1, it is evident that the averaffe 
original strength of the companies was greater than that 
shown in the table, and, as that table shows that there 
■were few if any companies which originally had only the 
minimum of Gi privates, it is not extravagant to assume 
that the average original strength of the regiments in 
the Confederate army was between 906 (the strength of 
the Louisiana infantry regiments) and 1037, the strength 
of the regiments in Beauregard's corps, as stated above, 
and probably it will not involve serious error to assume 
it to have been the mean between these numbers, which 
is 971. Applying this number to the organizations equal 
to 849 regiments, ascertained as above " to have been 
regularly enrolled in the service of the Confederate 
States, we establish the strengfth of these orjraniza- 
tions as 824.379. Probably the muster-rolls on tile in 
the War Department show the original strength of nearly 
all the organizations regularly enrolled in the Confedei^ 
ate service ; and if the above estimate is excessive, it 
will some time be corrected by the patient labor of some 
one who shall examine these rolls, and number the names 
of the men who originally composed the different organ- 
izations, but the number of ascertained facts and figures 
upon which the above estimate is based is probably 
large enough to insure against any considerable error. 
Research in the muster-rolls would also probably show 
very nearly the number of recruits joining the various 
organizations during the time covered by the rolls. 
The chief source of information on this subject for the 

* Page 32. » Page 28. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 35 

■writer is the report of the Superintendent of the Bureau 
of Conscription made in February, 1865/ which shows 
that between April 16, 1862, and the date of that re- 
port, the armies were recruited by 81,993 conscripts, 
and that 72,292 joined the army as volunteers to avoid 
conscription, and the report adds that this estimate of 
the number of volunteers is regarded as much too small.'' 
These numbers, added to 824,379 above estimated as 
the original strength, increase the total number in the 
army to at least 978,664. 

STRENGTH OF IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS IN THE 
CONFEDERACY. 

To the strength of the regular organizations is to 
be added the number who served in the mUitia and 
other irregular organizations, shown in Colonel Stone's 
list above referred to, which were the equivalent of 160 
regiments.^ There is no standard by which the strength 
of these organizations can be exactly ascertained, and 
perhaps the most minute examination of then* rolls and 
returns in the War Department would not enable one 
to arrive at their numbers with exactness. The orders 
of one Confederate commander in 1863 for raising vol- 
unteers not within the conscript age, for local defense 
and special service, nnder the acts of August 21, 1861, 
and October 13, 1862, fixed the minimum rank and 
file of an infantry company at 50, and of a cavalry com- 
pany at 40, and provided that regiments should have at 

» M. and D., Part HI. 127, 128 ; 129 W. R., 1109, 1110. 
' Major DuflBeld, a Virginia officer, has stated that by order he 
burnt tlie conscript records. The Century, March, 1892, p. 792. 
» Ante, p. 29. 



36 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

least 10 companies, and battalions at least 5 companies/ 
and another order for the reorganization of the Texas 
StJite Troops in 18G-i called for companies of not less 
than 100, or more than 125." The governor of South 
Carolina in 18G3 fixed the minimum number in a com- 
pany for local defense or special service at 76, and the 
maximum at 137, and ordered that the regiments should 
have 10 companies.^ 

A return of Carson's Division of Virginia Militia, 
August 31,* 1861, gave 5488 as the strength of 9 regi- 
ments, and Moore's " Roster of North CaroUna Troops" 
gives 4:077 as the number who served in 6 regiments 
and 1 battalion of Junior Reserves from that State. 
The averase of these 15.1 regiments was 617. If this 
were adopted as the standard, the total strength of 
98,720 would be arrived at for the 160 irregular 
regiments, making with the 978,664 above computed,* 
1,077,384 as the number ser\'ing in the Confederate 
armies during the war. But this result cannot be ac- 
cepted as exact, for it does not include any recruits 
beyond the 154,285 reported as above stated, and 
computations below tend to show that it is too small. 

COMPUTATIOX OF CONFEDERATE NUMBERS FROM AVER- 
AGE TOTAL STRENGTH OF REGIMENTS DURING THE 
WAR. 

Fortunately there is a record, before cited, of the 
soldiers of one of the Confederate States, from which 
the average number of men enrolled in each of a large 

> 33 W, R., 996. » 62 W. R., 1087. • 47 W. R., 145, 146. 

* 5 W. R., 82o. ' Page 35. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 37 

number of the regularly enroUed Confederate regi- 
ments during the war may be computed. Moore's 
" Roster of North Carolina Troops," a work prepared 
since the war, with the authority of the State, consists 
of a Ust of 104,254 men who served in the 76 regiments, 

11 battalions, and 1 battery which were organized in 
that State for the Confederate service. Owing to in- 
complete muster-rolls and other causes, the author of 
this roster was unable to make a complete list, and he 
states it as his belief, founded upon ascertained facts, that 
the total number of men furnished by the State equaled 
120,000. In this connection, it is to be noted that, 
as against the equivalent of 81 regiments of infantry, 

12 regiments of cavaky, and 3 regiments of artillery in 
Colond Stone's list, a total of 96 regiments, this roster 
embraces only 76 regiments, 11 battalions, and 1 bat- 
tery, a total of 82 regiments ; of which only 1 regiment 
and 3 battalions are cavalry, and 3 battalions and 1 
company are artillery. This difference is accounted 
for, in part, by the 9 regiments of militia included in 
Colonel Stone's list, and not embraced in the roster. 
Deducting the 4321 names credited by the roster to the 
6 regiments and 1 battalion of Junior Reserves and 
the navy from 120,000, we have 115,679 men for the 
70 regiments, 10 battalions, and 1 battery in the Con- 
federate service, from which we derive the average of 
1540 to the regiment. North Carolina was not con- 
spicuous above the other Southern States for a martial 
spirit before the War of the RebelHon, and her people 
were not as a whole fervid in the cause of secession, 
and there is no reason to suppose that more men were 
originally enroUed in, or recruited for, the average 



38 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

regiment from that State than in the other Confederate 
States. 

The following statistics have been given by the 
authorities of some of the other Confederate States, as 
before mentioned : — 

Florida. 1-1 regiments.* About 15,000 ; " average, about 1070. As 

before stated, this estimate was probably not intended to cover 

recruits. 
Georgia, 94 regiments.' Over 100,000 ; ' average over 1063. 
Mississippi, 65 regiments.' Between 70,000 and 80,00 ; * average 

between 1200 and 1230. 
South Carolina, 45^ regiments.' About 60,000 ; ' average, about 

1310. 

As above pointed out, the statistics for Florida and 
Georgia are too narrow or too indefinite to establish 
the average strength of regiments, and those for Missis- 
sippi and South CaroUna are not complete, and may be 
used onlv to estimate a minimum average. The writer 
has not been able to obtain any information from the 
records of the remaining Confederate States as to the 
total number of men enrolled in the Confederate ser- 
vice. 

Applying to the 849 regularly enrolled regiments, 

' Reg. Losses, 553. 

^ No records extant, except an abstract of the muster-rolls of 13 
regiments. Letter of Adjutant-General Lang to Dr. Joseph Jones, 
August 29. 1891. United Confederate Veterans, 24. 

•Letter of Governor Brown, 1865. Pamphlet. Macon. Cited 
ante. p. 25. 

* House Journal of Mississippi for 1865. (See note, ante, page 
25.) 

' Letter of Adjutant and Inspector-General Bonh.-un to Dr. Jones, 
June 12, 1890, in United Confederate Veterans, 33. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 39 

ascertained as above,* the average of 1540 per regiment 
derived from the estimate of the author of the North 
Carolina Roster,^ the result is 1,307,460 men regularly 
enrolled in the Confederate service, as against 1,141,000, 
the number subject to conscription, estimated from the 
census.^ If the list of 104,254 names in the North Car- 
oUna Roster is adopted instead of the estimate of its 
author, less 4321* for the 6^ regiments of Junior Re- 
serves, the average of 1330 is obtained, which is near 
to the average . .length of regiments as shown by the 
figures g^ven above for South Carolina. This would give 
1,129,170 as the number, of men, all told, regularly 
enrolled in 849 regiments. Adding to this 98,720 for 
the strengfth of the irregfular orgfanizations as above 
computed, we arrive at 1,227,890 as the total number 
of enlistments opposed to the 2,898,304 enlistments in 
the Union army during the war, or, if the larger num- 
ber, 1,307,460, above computed as the number regularly 
enrolled in the Confederate service, is adopted, the total 
is 1,406,180. It is possible that this number might be 
increased by the addition of organizations omitted from 
the writer's list because they first appear in the War 
Records after October, 1863, or for other reasons sug- 
gested below.' It is hardly probable that there were 
1,406,180 enhstments among 1,239,000 men,'^ exclud- 
ing men retained in their regiments by reenlistment, in 
view of the measures which were taken to hold men 
in the organizations in which they originally entered 
the service. 

' Page 28. ' Ante, p. 37. ' Ante, p. 22. 

* Including Navy men. ' Page 54. ' Ante, p. 22. 



40 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
ESTIMATES BY OTHERS. 

An estimate made in the War Records Office^ has 
placed the total numher in the Confederate service at 
" over 1,000,000." This estimate is based on 472,000 
shown by the Confederate returns to have been in ser- 
vice January 1, ISGl, at least 250,000 deaths occurring 
prior to that date, and discharges and desertions which 
it is said " would probably increase the number to over 
1,000,000." 

An estimate of Mr. A. B. Cassellman, of the Pension 
Office, from another view pubhshed in " The Century " 
for March, 1892,'' places the number at 1,500,000. 

RATIO OF ESTIMATES OP CONFEDERATE NUMBERS TO 
NUMBER OF XJNION ENLISTMENTS. 

The ratio of the number arrived at in each of the 
estimates above to the total number of men in the 
Union army is shown in the following table : — 



VMmt»» of Confederate Nomben 


Heu in Confed- 
erate Army 


Enlistments in 
Union Army ' 


Percent 


Marcos J. Wright ...... 

Early, Stephens, and Jones . . . 

Partial estimate * 

Estimate from the census, about ^ 

Estimate from the number and av- 
erag« strength of regiments ^ . 

Estimate of War Records Office . 
Casselliuaii's estimate 


600,000 
to 

700,000 
600,(X)0 

,'*s.->,ooo 

1,239,000 
1,22" ,890 

or 
1,400.180 

i,a)o.(X)0 

1,500,000 


2,898.304 


20 to 24 

20 
30 
42 

42 or 48 

U 
51 



' Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, iv. 768, and letter of 
Major George B. Davis, December 1, 1894, in files of M. H. M. 



'' Page 792. 
« Ante, p. 22. 



• Post, p. 50. 

• Ante, p. 39. 



* Ante, p. 8. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 41 

KETXJRNS OF THE ARMIES COMPABED WITH THE FORE- 
GOING ESTIMATES OF NUMBERS. 

The ratio of the average strength of the Confederate 
army to the average strength of the Union army would 
he the same as the ratio between the total number of 
men enrolled during the war on the two sides, other 
things being equal ; but in fact the former ratio was 
less than that between any one of the above estimates 
of the total number in the Confederate army, not ex- 
cepting Mr. Cassellman's estimate of 1,500,000, and 
the total enlistments in the Union army. 

There is not to be found in the Confederate papers 
published in the War Records any return of the total 
present and absent in the Confederate armies at any 
date.^ A careful comparison of the several hundred 
returns published in the War Records has resulted in 
the following tables of the numbers present and ab- 
sent on dates at which the published records give the 
strenofth of the Union armies. In some cases where 
returns of the Confederate armies for the specific dates 
assumed have not been found in the War Records, 
those of the nearest dates have been used, in the absence 
of reason to believe that a substantial difference in 
numbers had arisen in the intervals. In some cases 
estimates of the numbers present and absent, based on 
the numbers returned as present or " effective," have 
been used. As the returns in the War Records do not 
always include all the organizations in the armies at 
dates assumed, it is probable that the total niunbers 

* A statement of the total number was rendered by the Adjutant- 
General to the Secretary of War of the Confederate States, January 
3, 1865, but it is missing (96 W. E., 1007). 



42 yr.MBERS AXD LOSSES IX THE CIVIL WAR 

reached are below the real numbers. To enable these 
calculations of numbers to be verified, references are 
made to the volume and page of the Records contain- 
ing the returns used. Estimates for January, 1S62, 
"63, '64. '65, which were made in the War Office, 
substantially confirm these tables.^ 

TABLE OF XTMBERS FKOM COXFEDEKATE RETTRXS OF 
AKMIES. DEPABTME>-TS, ETC., JULY, 1S61. 

Anny of Potomac aad Shenandoah * 33.752 " 

AnnT of Peninsula o.oOO 

"\lrgini.-» militia at Winchester 5.488 ' 

North Carolina (4 regiments estimated) 3,000 * 

Soath Carolina ( 2800 deducted for 4 regiments in 

Armr of Potomac^ 6.000 « 

Fensae^U 2.300/ 

IGssoari and Arkansas 28.000 » 

Tennessee (aboat^ 22.«:H>0 » 

Florida (about) 3.000 • 

Texas (about) 3.000> 

Total (about) 112.040 

.2W. lU laf;. 4-:3.4«tT. aas. 5«.9». »2W.IU.931. '2W.BL.47S:5 
W.R,T90.*25. MW.K..*SJ. ' 1 W. B.. 285 ; 2 W. R- 5^. 5«. / 1 W. K-. 
4m. f3W.it-613.eaR.61-; 4W.IL,382,3T2. * 3 W. B., 612. • 1 W. R, 
4":0-iT2. /4W. R.,96.1». lOa 

jAMTABT, laes. 

Dept. of Northern Virginia 98,050 • 

Armr of Peninsula (December. "61) 20.683 » 

District of Norfolk (NovMnber 30) 15.143 ' 

• 5 W. R_ 1015. » 4 W. R_ 716. ' 4 W. R., 708. 

1 Battles and Leaders of the Gril War. ir. 768. and lener of 
Major George B. Daris. Deeember 1, 18M. in files of M. H. M. 

* This number includes onlv those present for dntr. and includes 
Holmes's brigade at Fredeiicksbarg. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 43 

Dept. of North Carolina 13,884'' 

Dept. No. 1 (Louisiana) 10,296 ' 

South Carolina, December (about) 17,000-'' 

Dept. of Georgia (November 10) 8,500 » 

Dept. of Alabama and West Florida (February 1) . 18,206 * 

Dept. of Middle and East Florida 4,680 ' 

Western Dept. (December), less Arkansas .... 86,861-' 

Forts Henry and Donelson (January 21) .... 5,210 * 

Zollicoffer's command 8,451 ' 

Marshall's command (January 1) 2,160 "* 

Cumberland Gap 2,073 » 

Army of the Northwest, December, '61 (about) . . 4,500 " 

Price's command (January 23) Missouri (est.) . . 4,000 p 

McCulloch's division (Arkansas) 10,677 i 

Pike's division (Indian Ter.), February 7 . . . . 9,000 -■ 

Texas (October to January) 12,044 ' 



351,418 



" 9 W. R., 424, 425. « 6 W. R., 819. / 6 W. R., 357, 363. » 6 W. R., 314. 
*6W.R.,819. '6W.R.,371. -"T W. R.,813,814. *7W.R., 843. '7W.R., 
814. >» 7 W. R., 815. » 7 W. R., 843. " 5 W. R., 1055. p 8 W. R., 739, 740. 
s 8 W. R., 746. >■ 8 W. R., 749. • 4 W. R., 166. 

APRIL, 1862. 

Army of Northern Virginia " ' 110,000 " 

EweU's division (April 16) 8,500 " 

Valley District, Jackson's division of 3 brigades 

(May 3) 8,397 = 

<» 14 W. R., 484. M8W. R.,851. <^ 18 W. R., 879. 

* A compilation from the returns on file for about December, 
1861, ex. New Mexico, Missouri, and Indian Territory, shows 
326,768 present and absent (127 W. R., 822). 

^ Number in Acquia District not included, in the absence of 
returns from this district. 

' Estimated from the return of 55,633 " effectives," at the ratio 
of 4699 "effectives" in Toombs's division (p. 480), April 30, to 
the 9325 " present and absent " in the same (1st) division, April 
23 (14 W. R., 460). 



44 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Norfolk * (Huger's command) 15,143'* 

Dept. of North Carolina 26,433 • 

South Carolina aiid Georgia ' 40,000-'' 

Middle and East Florida (AprU 30) 4,393" 

Alabama and West Florida' (AprU 15) .... 11,000* 

Army of the Mississippi 93,883 ' 

Fort PiUow 3.847> 

Dept. of East Tennessee 16.199 * 

Army of the West (May 4) 34,035 ' 

Trans-Miss. Dist April 15, ex. troops ordered to 
Memphis, which are included presumably in 
Army of Miss. (11 W. R., 475), and including 

500 on the way from Texas 20,000 " 

Ind. Ter. (May) 9,565 • 

401,395* 

d 4 W. R, 700. ' W. R.. 459. / 20 W. R., 40S. » 20 W. R. 468. 
» 6 W. R., S7o. !?TG. ' 11 W. R., 475. > 11 W. R.. 47t5. * 11 W. R., 476. 
' 11 W. R., 491. - 19 W. R., 81S. • 19 W. R., Sol. 

March 1, 1862, the Confederate Adjutant-General 
reported 3i0,250 from the returns, with an estimate 
of 20 to 25 reffuuents additional for resriments not 
embraced in the returns (127 ^y. R., 903). 

' Estimated from return of November 30, 1861, in view of re- 
turns for Huger's division of 3 brigades of 15 regiments, besides 
Ransom's brigade, June 26, 1862 (13 W. R., 504). 

' Estimated from returns of 27,687 "effectives." May 11, in the 
ratio of 4883 '• effectives " to 7209 " present and absent " in 2d 
district of South Carolina, shown in return of April 12 (20 W. R., 
482). 

• Estimated from 8360 reported " present" 

* There are no returns for Heth's command at Lewishurg, Va., 
or for the forces in Mississippi, Texas, and part of Missouri and 
Louisiana, and no number is included for these commands. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 45 

JANUARY, 1863. 

Army of Northern Virginia, including Valley Dist. 

and excluding Ransom's division 144,614 " 

Maryland Brigade, Edenburg, Va. 979 ' 

Dept of West Virginia 10,143 <; 

Dept. of North Carolina, Richmond, etc. ' . . . 54,334 ■* 

Ransom's division 6,985 ' 

Dept. of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida . 27,225/ 

Mississippi and East Louisiana 73,161 ' 

Army of Tennessee 83,767 * 

McCovra's division 7,934 ' 

Van Dorn's division (Jan. 18) ' 11,000 > 

Dept. of East Tennessee « 17,098 * 

Dist. of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona (Jan, 12) 9,.322 ' 

446,622 

<■ 40 W. R., 602. »40W.E.,602. '40W.R.,603. <« 26 W. R, 865, 866, 
901. ' 31 W. R., 107.5 ; 26 W. R., 850, 855. /20 W. K., 757. » 38 W. R., 611. 
* 35 W. R., 622. ' 35 W. R., 623. > 30 W. R., 412, 4ia * 30 W. R., 475 ; 
35 W. R., 644. ' 21 W. R., 946. 

JANUARY, 1864. 

Army of Northern Virginia 91,253 " 

Dept. of Richmond (ex. Maryland line) .... 10,518 ' 
Valley District, including Archer's and Thomas's 

brigades * • 12,000 ' 

Army of West Virginia and East Tennessee . . . 19,599 ■* 

« 49 W. R., 898. ' 49 W. R., 904. ' 49 W. R., 904. <* 49 W. R., 908. 

* Number in District of Cape Fear, taken from the separate report 
of the troops in that district. Number in Robertson's brigade taken 
from return of March 1. 

' Estimated from returns of 7455 " present " (see, ako, 35 W. R., 
633, 680) in the proportion shown in return, 38 W. R., 611. 
' Mean of returns for December, 1862, and February 20, 1863. 

* See 49 W. R., 901, notes. 

' 13^ regiments, estimated from average strength of infantry 
regiments in Army of Northern Virginia. 



46 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Defenses of Wilmington 9,215 • 

Dept. of North Carolina 18,763/ 

Dept. of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida . . 47,491 " 

Mobile and defenses (Jan. 20) 12,512 » 

Troops in Mississippi (Jan. 20) 44,132 ' 

Longstreet's command, East Tennessee (Dec. 31) 44,173-' 

Army of Tennessee 98,215 *■ 

Trans-Mississippi Dept. (Jan. 1) 73.289 ' 

481,160 

' 49 W. R., 907. / 49 W. R., 906. « 47 W. R., 601. * 5S W. R, 682 ; 59 
W.R., 586. '68W.R.,S83. J 56 W. R., 889. * 56 W. a, 883. ' 62 W. R., 
814. 

JANUARY, 1865. 

Army of Nortliern Virginia 150,373 " 

Dept. of Virginia and East Tennessee (Nov., '64) . 7,138 ^ 

Dept of Richmond 16.601 ' 

Western District of North Carolina ' 2,226 '' 

South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (Jan. 20) " . 53,014 ' 

Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana (Dec. 1) . 32,148 ^ 

Trans-Jlississippi Dept' 96,708 " 

Army of Tennessee (Dec. 10) 86,995* 

445,203 

" 89 W. R., 1362. » 79 W. R., 007. ' 89 W. R., 1358. "* 89 W. R., 1279. 
• 99 W. R., 1082. /94 W. R., 632. » 86 W. R., 1137-1141. » 93 W. R., 679. 

' In the stitement made up in the War Records Office, 4 Bat- 
tles and Leaders of the Civil War, 768, the return for Nortli Caro- 
lina is given as 5187, but the writer has not succeeded in finding 
the return in the published War Records. 

' About 4000 are reported present December 28 (pp. 999, 1000) 
in organizations which do not appear in the returns of Norember 
20 (pp. 874-876). 

' The return of Drayton's division (p. 138) shows 970 more than 
the number set down in the return of the army (p. 1141). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 47 



COMPARISON OF THE FOREGOING NUMBERS WITH THE 
NUMBER ON THE UNION ROLLS AT SAME DATES. 



Date 


No. on 
Uniou 
Rous' 


Average 


No. on 

Confederate 

Returns 


Average 


Per cent 


July, 1861 
Jan., 1862 
M«r. 31, 1862 
Jan. 1, 1863 
Jan. 1, 1864 
Jan. 1, 1865 


186,751 . 

575,917 \ 
637,126 j 
918,121 j 
860,737 j 
959,460 ' 


381,334 

606,521 
777,623 
889,429 
910,098 


112,040 J 
351,418 ] 
401,395 < 
446,622 ] 
481,160 ] 
445,203 * 


231,729 
376,406 
424,018 
463,891 
403,181 


60.7 

62 

54 

52 

50 






3,565,005 




1,959,225 


55 



To arrive at an absolutely exact average strength of 
the two armies, it would be necessary to allow some- 
thing for those troops which, by reason of their short 
term of service or for other reasons, were not counted 
in the returns on which the above averages are based. 
On the Union side there were 250,000 men who served 
from two weeks to six months (post, p. 50) ; and on the 
Confederate side there were irregular troops, estimated 
to be about 98,720 (ante, p. 36), serving an average 
term of 10 months (post, p. Gl), that were not always 
carried in the returns of the Confederate armies. So, 
also, disproportion in the casualties on the two sides 
would have to be taken into account to reach the exact 
average strength on each side. In the Union army 
110,070 ■' were killed and died of wounds ; 249,458 - 

» M. and D., Part III. 102. » Reg. Losses, 527. 



48 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR 

died of disease and accident ; and there were about 
125,000* desertions and 426,664* discharges, — a totixl 
of 911,192. The casualties on the Confederate side, 
established by the muster-rolls and reports, and esti- 
mates of losses in battle by Confederate commanders, 
were 94,000 killed and mortally wounded,^ 59,297 died 
of disease,' 83,372 desertions,* and 57,411 discharged,' 
a total of 294,080 ; but, as before stated, these rolls 
cover only about two years on an average, and it is 
not to be doubted that the total for four years was in 
fact considerably greater. 

The fact that the average strength shown on the 
returns of all the Confederate armies during the four 
years of the war was 55 per cent, of the average 
strength of all the Union armies for the same time 
tends to prove that the Confederate estimates of 600,000 
to 700,000 for the total number in the Confederate 
army, or 20 to 24 per cent, of the total number 
(2,898,304) ° in the Union armies, are too small. But 
it would be an error to assume that the ratio of 55 per 
cent, between the average strength of the Union armies 
and the average strength of the Confederate armies 
shows the absolute ratio between the number of men 
who were enrolled on each side, because it might not 
give due effect to the varying terms of service of the 
various levies on either side. No comparison of num- 
bers could be just which did not take this into account. 

1 M. and D.. Part IH. 78-89. ' Reg. Losses, 554. 

» M. and D., Part III. 141. 

« M. and D., Part III. 139-141 ; 21,056 deducted from a total 
of 104,428 for deserters returned to the ranks. 
« Post, p. 50. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 49 

It is obvious that a given number of men serving for 
four years constitute in effect a force at least sixteen 
times as strong as the same number serving for three 
months. In reducing the terms of enlistment to a 
common term, as for instance three years, some statis- 
ticians have assumed that the term of service of the 
so-called three years' men enlisted in 1863 and 1864 
was three years, when in effect their service terminated 
with the war, at the end of one or two years. Such 
assumptions have their place in measuring the term 
of service for which it was possible to enroll men, but 
they have no place in comparing the effectual strength 
of the two armies during the war. This comparison 
can be made only by compounding the number of men 
with the actual term of service on each side. 

The following table shows the actual terms of 
service of the various levies of United States troops 
and the equivalent number of men serving for three 
years, assuming that the service ended May 4, 1865, 
when hostilities had been terminated by the surrender 
of the principal armies of the Confederacy, and that 
the term of each levy which was terminated by the close 
of hostilities began one month after the date when the 
levy was called for.^ 

» This assumption probably errs on the side of greater numbers, 
as it is probable that the average interval between the call and 
muster-in was greater. 



50 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 



TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF MEN IN UNION ARMY, 
THEIR ACTUAL TERM OF SERVICE, AND THE EQUIVA- 
LENT NUMBER OF MEN SERVING THREE YEARS. 

(Authorities, M. and D., Rep. of Provost Marshal General, pp. 7 et seq. and 
160 ; Statement of War Dept, Records and Pension Division, Jan., 1892.) 



Date of Preaident's call. 
Act o( CoDgT«8s, or draft 


Number 
furnished 


Term for 
which called 


Actual 
term of 
•errioe 


Equivaleut 
numbers 
for term of 
three yean 


1861 

AprU 15 

May 3, July 22-25 . . . 

1862 

May, June 

JiUy2 

Aojrnst 4 

18;a 

Jime 15 

July (draft) 

October 17, IStW, and Feb- 
ruary 1, 1864 .... 
18(>t 

March 14 

AprU 23 

July 18 

December 19 

Various from the Territo- 
ries and Southern States 

Ditto 

186:3 

Emergency men and militia 


91,816 
2,715 
9,147 

30,9,">0 
657,868' 

15,007 
421,465 

87,588 

16,361 
35,582-' 

281,510' 

259,515 
83,612 

385,163 

211,752 

172,744* 
15,509 

120,000 


3 mos. 
6 mos. 
lyr. 

2 yrs. 
Syrs. 

3 mos. 

3 yra. 
9 mos. 

6 mos. 
Syrs. 

3yi8. 

Syts. 
100 days. 

1,2, 3. and 

4 years, 
do. 

do. 
60 days to 
a vear.^ 
2 to 3 weeks. 


3 mos. 
6 mos. 

1 vr. 

2 vrs. 

3 yra. 

3 mos. 
33 mos. 

9 mos. 

6 mos. 
22 mos. 

16 mos. 

13 mos. 
100 days. 

Si mos. 

4 mos. 

18 mos. 

60 days to 

a year. 


7,651 

4.i2 

3.049 

20,633 

657,868 

1,250 

386.:i43 

21,897 

2,727 
21,744 

125,115 

9:3,714 
7,636 

90,941 

23,528 

86,372 

3,451 
2,307 




2,898^304 






1,556,678 



' Possibly 16,000 regvdars on rolls January, 1861, should be 
added here. 

* These men are included with call of February 1, in statement 
of War Department, etc. ; but see M. and D., Part III. 28, 39. 

* 300,000 were called October 17. and 200,000 more February 1. 
The average of 16 months' service is taken upon the assumption that 
the enlistments were proportionate under the two calls. 

* 97,598 were colored troops, all but one regiment enroUetl after 
1862. 

' This actual service is estimated. (See M. and D., Part III. 67 
et seq. ; Part I. 31.) 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 51 
TEEM OF SERVICE OF THE CONFEDERATE TROOPS. 

There is no summary in the published records of the 
terms of service of the various levies of Confederate 
troops, but there is abundant evidence that in effect 
the term of service of all men composing the organiza- 
tions reo-ularly enrolled in the army of the Confederate 
States was for the duration of the war. The first act 
of the Confederate Congress for raising an army was 
that of February 28, 1861, which for both State forces 
and volunteers established twelve months as the term 
of ser\-ice,' and under this act 70,000 men were called 
out.* The act of March 6, 1861, established a perma- 
nent regular army of seven regiments and 41 compa- 
nies,*^ with a term of enlistment of not less than three 
or more than five years. Thirteen regiments and one 
battery were in fact raised for this force.^ 

The act of May 8, 1861, authorized the President to 
accept the service of all volunteers offering themselves 
for service during the war,* and the act of May 11 
authorized him to fix the term of service.^ The writer 
has not found, in the records published, any proclama- 
tion of the Confederate President fixing the number of 
troops or the term of service under these acts. The act 
of December 11, 1861, established a bounty for all then 
in service for twelve months who should reenlist for 
two years more." At that date 110 regiments were in 
service for the war.^ The act of January 23, 1862, 
authorized the President, at his discretion, to call on 

> M. and D., Part IH. 117-119 ; 127 W. R., 117, 135, 211, 221. 
'^ 127 W. R., 127. ' Reg. Losses, 553. 

* 127 W. R., 302. ' 127 W. R., 310. 

• 127 W. R., 825. ' 127 W. R., 790. 



52 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL KAR 

tlie States for any number o£ troops for three years.' 
The act of January 27, 18G2, authorized recruiting 
three years' vohinteers for companies then in service 
for twelve months.- The act of January 29, 1862, 
mentioned drafts by the States to till the President's 
requisition for men for three years.^ Under these acts 
the Confederate authorities refused to receive troops 
for less than three years except * for local or speciid 
service. February 2, 1802, the President called upon 
the governors of the States to furnish 239,204 to 
serve for the war.* Following this, the governors of 
the States began to warn their people that, if enough 
volunteers did not respond to the call, they should make 
drafts for the deficiency." Confederate returns show 
that March 1, 1862, about two thirds of the troops 
were in service for twelve months," but they were all 
retiiined in ser\nce for the war ; for while the act of 
April 10, 1802, placed all between 18 and 35 in the 
sernce by conscription," it also provided that all sol- 
diers from 18 to 35 years of age who were there April 
10 should be continued in service for three years.^ If 
a few twelve months' volunteers between 35 and 45 
years of age were entitled to their discharge, they 
were swept back among the conscripts by the act of 
September 27, 1862,'" and they, as well as all others 
within the conscript age, were held for service until the 

» 127 W. R, 869. » 127 W. R., 925. 

» 127 W. R.. 891. * 127 W. R.. 823. 

« 127 W. R., 902. • 127 W. R.. 920. 

' 127 W. R., 963. • 127 W. R., 1095. 

• 127 W. R., 1105. w M. & D., Part lU. 121. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 53 

end of the war. Inspection of the War Records shows 
that substantially all of the regiments enrolled in 1861 
remained in service to the end of the war. It may, 
then, be assumed that in effect the term of service of 
all who entered the Confederate armies continued from 
the time they entered untU the end of the war. May 4, 
1865. 

The returns of the Confederate armies above tabu- 
lated show that there were on their rolls, — 

In July, 1861 112,040 men.» 

In January, 18G2 351,418 men." 

The average date of enlistment of those who were on 
the rolls in July may be safely placed at the mean 
between the firing on Fort Sumter and July 31, 1861, 
which is about June 1 ; and October 31, 1861, may 
be taken as the average date of enlistment of those who 
joined the army between July 31, 1861, and January, 
1862, and the term of service of these troops may then 
be estimated as follows : — 

Men on returns of July, 1861, in service for 47 months . 112,040 
Men on returns of January, 1862, in service for 42 months 239,378 

The later returns of the armies cannot serve as a 
basis for establishing the term of service of the remain- 
der of the levies, but the dates at which the various 
regiments and battaUons first appear in the War Re- 
cords may be taken to establish the dates at which they 
entered the service ; for, although the most of them no 
doubt entered the service some time before the dates at 
which they were mentioned in the official papers con- 

» Ante, pp. 42, 43. 



54 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

tained in the War Records, yet there is a basis for cor- 
rectino; the resulting: error in some cases, and in the 
others the total error cannot be very great. 

The following table gives the number of regiments 
and battalions of infantry and cavalry, mention of 
which the writer has noted in the War Records as 
follows : — 

Class A. Those appearing in May, 1862, and ear- 
lier. 

Class B. Those appearing after May, 1862, bearing 
numbers lower than those of Class A, which indicate 
that they entered the service prior to the latest of 
Class A. 

Class C. Others appearing June, 1862, to October, 
1863, inclusive. 

There are included among the regiments in this table 
twelve legions. A legion sometimes had less, and some- 
times more, men than a regiment.* They are counted 
as regiments here upon the assumption that their aver- 
age strength was equal to that of the regiments. 

In some cases regiments and battahons of infantry 
and cavalry appear in the War Records under designa- 
tions different from those under which organizations are 
counted in the table below ; and although in some cases 
it has been discovered that they were only alternative 
designations for organizations included in the table, yet 
it is possible that this was not true in all instances, and 
therefore that some are omitted : — 

> See 127 W. R., 304, 789. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 55 





Class A 


Class B 


Class C 


state 


Regiments 


Battalions 


Regiments 


Regiments 

11 
26 

8 

2 

18 

2 


Battalions 


Alabama " 
Arkansas * 


43 
24 


9 
14 


- 


10 

11 

1 


Confederate ' 


- 


~ 


~ 


5 


Florida <* 
Georgia « 


7 
51 


5 
4 


9 


10 
2 


Indian Ter./ 


3 




10 
7 
1 

10 


4 


Kentucky » 


29 


3 

7 




(i 


Louisiana '' 


30 




3 


Maryland ' 


1 


2 
8 
2 


7 
1 


15 


Mississippi^ 
Missouri ' 
North Carolina' 


38 
24 
40 


14 
21 
4 
15 
20 
16 


7 
8 
4 


South Carolina"" 
Tennessee " 
Texas" 
VirginiaP 


29 
72 
31 
68 


1 

11 
3 
5 


1 

13 

1 


16 

S 
22 


Totals 


490 


74 


45 


185 


132 



a W R 4, 7, 8, 10-12, 14, 21-26, 29, 35-38, 42, 48, 50, 51, 58. " W. R., 4, 
11 14 21-24, 32-36, 53. <= W. R., 25, 40, 51, 56. " W. R., 11, 14, 20, 27, 47. 
e W R , 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, 23, 29, 30, 35, 47, 49, 50. / W. R., 19, 32, 
33 9 W. R., 10, 11, 14, 23, 25, 30, 34, 35, 39, 49. " W.R., 10, 11, 14, 15, 
18^2" 3.5 36 41. ' W. R. 37, 39, 45, 49. J W. R., 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 20-22, 24, 
25 27 29 34, 36-39, 53, 56. * W. R., 7, 8, 10, 11, 19, 32, 33. ' W. R., 5, 
9 'll-14 'l8 20, 21, 33, 26, 30, 35, 40, 49. -» W. R., 6, 9, 11-14, 18, 20, 25, 
s'l 34 37, 40, 47. » W. R., 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 21-25, 27, 29, 34, 35, 38, 51. 
o W. R., 5, 9, 11, 14, 19, 21, 25, 32, 33, 37, 41, 42, 50. p W. R., 4-6, 9, 11-15, 
18, 26-28, 31, 35, 39, 40, 44, 45, 49. 

Tlie foreo-oing table shows the equivalent of 572 
regiments prior to, and 251 regiments after, June 1, 

1862.1 

In Colonel Fox's list ^ there are 5 regiments, 6 bat- 
talions, and 261 batteries of artiUery, equal to 34 regi- 
ments. It may be assumed that these troops entered 

» Moore's North Carolina Roster records enlistments in 41 regi- 
ments in 1861, and in 25 more in the first seven months of 1862, 
out of a total of 70 regiments. 

" Reg. Losses, 553. 



56 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CIVIL WAR 

the service after May, or prior to June, 1862, in the 
same proportion as the organizations in the above table. 
This gives 23 regiments of artillery, and a total of 595 
regiments of all arms, as entering the service prior to 
June, 18G2, which at the average strength of 971, 
as above estimated (p. 3-4), gives a total of 577,745 
in these organizations at the outset. Deducting the 
351,4:18 in service in January, 1862, there remain 
226,327 whose term of service may be assumed to have 
begun midway between January 1 and June 1, or March 
15, and therefore to have been 37^ months. 

The writer has not closely examined the War Records 
covering the period subsequent to October, 1863, for 
organizations regularly entering the Confederate service 
during that period of 19 months, but he assumes below 
(pp. 59-61) that the average term of service of all such 
organizations was one year. This does not seem too 
loner a term in view of the urgent need of reinforce- 
ments for all the Confederate armies. 

The table below gives the number of organizations 
in Class C, first appearing in the War Records in each 
month from June, 1862, to October, 1863, and their 
terms of service, reckoned from the same month to the 
end of the war : — 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 



57 



Month 



a 



1862 
June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1863 
January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 



9 

n 

17 

6 
13 
13 

15 

16 
6 
9 

n 

9 

9 

1 
9 

7 



185 



o 

1 



2 
7 
6 
10 
6 
6 
14 

16 
6 
6 



3 

9 

13 

5 

7 

132 



Term of Service 



35 raonths 
35 months 
34 mouths 
34 months 
33 months 
33 months 
32 months 
32 months 
31 months 
31 months 
30 months 
30 raonths 
29 months 
29 months 



equal to 315 
equal to u5 
equal to 578 
equal to 119 
equal to 561 
equal to 99 
equal to 192 
equal to 160 
equal to 403 
equal to 93 
equal to 390 
equal to 90 
equal to 435 
equal to 105 



regiments 

reginients 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regime nt~s 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 

regiments 



for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 
for 1 



month 

month 

nionth 

mouth 

month 

month 

month 

month 

month 

month 

month 

month 

luonth 

month 



28 months equal to 448 
28 months equal to 224 
27 months equal to 162 
27 months equal to 81 
'26 months equal to 234 
26 months equal to 78 
25 months equal to 425 
25 months equal to 100 
24 months equal to 216 
24 months equal to 96 
23 months equal to 138 
23 months equal to 34. 
22 months equal to 198 
22 months equal to 99 
21 months ecjual to 147 
21 months equal to 136 
20 months equal to ISO 
20 months equal to 50 
19 months equal to 133 
19 months equal to 66 



regiments for 
regiments for 
reginients for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
reginients for 
I regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
.5 regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
regiments for 
.5 regiments for 



1 month 
1 month 
1 nionth 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 month 
1 mouth 
1 month 
1 mouth 



36)69,196(192 or 192 regts. for 3 yis 



The remainder of the artiUery in Colonel Fox s list 
equals 11 regiments, which with term of service pro- 
portionate to that of the organizations in the above h t 
Luld equal 8 regiments for three years, and would 
bring the total number to 200 regiments, equal, at 9 a 
per regiment, to 194,200. 



58 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
TEEM OF SERVICE OF RECRUITS. 

The report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of 
Conscription,' before referred to, shows that, east of 
the Mississippi, between Aj^ril IG, 1862, and February, 
1865, 81,993 had been enrolled by conscription ; and 
he estimated that 72,292 had, during the same period, 
joined regiments in the field to avoid conscription, 
stating, however, that he believed this estimate to be 
much too small. In view of the strenuous exertions of 
the Confederate authorities to enforce universal con- 
scription, which have been detailed above," it is safe to 
assume that the average date of enlistment of these 
154,285 men was not later than midway between April 
16, 1862, the date of the first conscript act, and April 
30, 1864, when the Superintendent of the Bureau of 
Conscription reported the exhaustive measures which 
had been employed to gather in all the able-bodied men 
between 18 and 45.^ This would give an average 
term of service of 24 months for these recruits. It 
remains to fix the term of service of the remainder of 
the recruits. 

Adopting the largest estimate above of the total 
number of men regularly enrolled in the Con- 
federate armies 1,307,460 * 

And deducting the estimated original number of the 

ascertained organizations 824,379 ' 

We have as the number of recruits and organiza- 
tions not ascertained 483,081 

Deducting recruits reported 154,285 ' 

Leaves 328,796 

* Ante, p. 35. ' Pages 11 et seq. 

* M. and D., Part III. 122 ; 129 W. R. 354. 

* Ante, p. 39. « Ante, p. 34. • Ante, p. 35. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 59 

Adopting the smaller estimate of 1,129,170^ for the 
total number of men regularly enrolled would reduce 
the number of recruits and men, in organizations not 
ascertained, to about 150,000, but the mean between 
the two estimates above mentioned is 1,218,315 ; and 
this is so near 1,141,000, above computed as the num- 
ber who were subject by law to military duty,^ that to 
adopt it cannot exaggerate numbers. This leaves the 
remainder of 239,651 for recruits and organizations 
not above ascertained. 

In view of the fact that under the Conscript Act of 
February, 1864, recruits were hurried to the ranks as 
fast as possible for the spring campaign, it seems safe 
to assume that the average term of service of all these 
239,651 men was at least one year. 

TERMS OF SERVICE OF MILITIA AND OTHER IRREGULAR 
ORGANIZATIONS. 

The acts of the Confederate Congress of August 2, 
1861, and October 13, 1862, authorized the acceptance 
of volunteers not within the conscript age (18 to 45), 
for local defense and special service ; and the Confed- 
erate commanders, as early as September, 1863, issued 
orders to aid in the formation of companies, battalions, 
and regiments of these volunteers.^ 

The number of these troops has been estimated 
above (page 36) at 98,720. Their terms of service 
cannot be ascertained with exactness. The following 
facts from the War Records aid in making an esti- 
mate : — 

' Ante, p. 39. » Ante, p. 22. 

» 33 W. R., 996. 



60 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Alabama. August, 1862, the governor of Alabama was reported 
to be about to order out militia."- 

Arkansas. August 10, 1863, the governor and General E. Kirby 
Smith arranged to raise a volunteer force under State gen- 
erals.* 

Florida. In June, July, and November, 1863, 5 special battalions 
from this State were in service."^ June 8, 1864, the reserves 
in service were incorporated in the 11th Florida Volunteers.'' 

Georgia. August, 1863, the governor called out 8000 men for 
State defense.' 

Louisiana. The Ninth Brigade was called into service May, 
1862./ The Fifth Brigade was called into service June, 
1862.9 The Tenth Brigade was called into service July 20, 
1862.* The Eleventh Brigade was called into service Decem- 
ber, 29, 1862.' Certain militia were disbanded September 
30, 1862.J One half of the mihtia of North, South, and 
East Louisiana were ordered into service February 25, 1863.'-' 
May 7, 1863, General Magruder requested the governor to 
call out 10,500 mUitia.' 

Mississippi. August 11, 1862, the governor of Mississippi was 
reported to have ordered out 2000 militia." March 17, 1864, 
Gholson's Brigade of State Troops was turned over to the Con- 
federate service." 

North Carolina. The Junior Reserves enlisted from April to June, 
1864." 

South Carolina, January 15, 1863, 8 regiments of reserves were 
in service." April 30, 1864, the reserves were called out, 
against the governor's protest, by the Confederate authorities.' 
June 29, 1864, all between 18 and 45 in 8 regiments of reserves 
were ordered to other regiments.'' 

Texas. August 15, 1863, the State Troops were being organized.' 
December 4, 1863, an act of legislature extended the terms 
of 8000 State Troops from 6 months to 12 months.' December 

»Vol. 25, p. 682. !■ Vol. 33, p. 962. « Vol. 47, pp. 172, 248, 469. ^ Vol. 66, 
p. 52.5. ' Vol. 47, pp. 307, 313. / Vol. 21, pp. 742, 756, 759. c Vol. 21, pp. 
755-767. * Vol. 21, p. 784. * Vol. 21, p. 914. J Vol. 21, p. 819. * Vol. 21, p. 
991. ' Vol. 21, p. 1079. " Vol. 25, p. 677. " Vol. 59, pp. 650, 652. " Moore's 
North Carolina Roster. P Vol. 20, p. 750. « Vol. 66, pp. 456, 519, 520, 535, 
539. ' Vol. 65, pp. 623-635. • Vol. 42, p. 170. < Vol. 42, p. 528. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 61 

6, 1863, General Magrnder required the governor to provide for 
continuance in service of the State Troops to the close of the 
war, and to organize all men from 16 to 70 years, not already 
in service." December, 1863, 3 regiments and 5 battalions 
State Troops were incorporated into the army for 6 months." 
Virginia. June, 1861, Virginia militia were in service in Shenan- 
doah VaUey." April, 1862, 3 regiments militia were in ser- 
vice at Williamsburg.* November, 1862, 3 regiments State , 
line were in service." June 10, 1863, 8000 militia were called 
to be mustered into service August 1, 1863.' March, 1864, 6 
battalions of local defense regiments were in service." 

« Vol. 42, p. Am. » Vol. 42, pp. 497, 514. ■» 2 W. R., 473. * Vol. 14, p. 
481. y Vol. 29, p. 33. ' Vol. 45, pp. 883, 884. " Vol. 60, pp. 9, 130. 

The citations previously made show that after 1862 
the Confederate authorities were in such great need of 
troops that it is not probable that many of the men who 
took up arms in 1863 were allowed to lay them down 
again excejjt for physical disability, and it seems safe to 
assume that the average term of service of the militia 
and other irregular organizations was at least sixteen 
months. 

SUMMARY OF CONFEDERATE LEVIES REDUCED TO A 
THREE years' TERM OF SERVICE. 

July, 1861 . . 112,040 <■ for 47 months = 146.274 for 3 yrs. 

January, 1862 . 239,378 " for 42 months = 279,274 for 3 yrs. 

Before June, 1862, 226,327 < for 37 J months = 235,757 for 3 yrs. 
After May, 1862 <* 194,200 for 3 yrs. 

Recruits reported, 154,285 ' for 2 years = 102,856 for 3 yrs. 
Recruits not reported and 

regular organizations not 

included above 239.651/ for 1 year = 79,883 for 3 yrs. 

Militia, etc. . . 98,720 i' for 16 months = 43,875 for 3 yrs. 

1,082,119 for 3 yrs. 

■■ Page 53. ' Page 53. « Page 56. <* Page 57. « Page 35. / Page 59. 
n Pages 59, 61. 



62 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

This total of 1,082,119 men for three years in the 
Confederate service is 70 per cent, of the total of 
1,556,678 for three years in the Union service as above 
computed,- but the average strengtli of the Confederate 
armies as above computed from the available retui-ns is 
only 55 per cent, of the computed average strength of 
the Union armies.' The absence of some, and the in- 
completeness of some, of the Confederate returns, and 
the omission of some of the irregular organizations, 
probably cause a part of the discrepancy. The avei^ 
ages of the Union armies ought probably to be dimin- 
ished for terms of service of large numbers of men 
which were shorter than those assumed in the compu- 
tation. The 186,751 ' men on the rolls in July, 1861, 
assumed to have served three months, embraced nearly 
if not quite all the 91,816^ three mouths' men whose 
term of service expired in July and August. The 
returns of January, 1863, included 87,588'- nine months' 
men assumed to have served for the next six mouths, 
who in fact served somewhat less; and a part of 
the 575,917 ' men on the returns for January, 1862, 
assumed to have served nine months in computing the 
first two averages, did not enter the field in time to 
have served that time. If the per cent, of mortality in 
the Confederate army was, as seems probable, greater 
than that in the Union army, this, if it could be taken 
into account, would enlarge the average strength of the 
former in the computation.' 

In comparing the actual performance in the field of 
the troops on the two sides, a mere statement of the 
numbers enrolled and the terms of service are not all 

» Page 47. » Ante, p. 50. ' Page 47. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 63 

that should be considered. The irregular organizations 
included in the foregoing estimate of the Confederate 
troops ' were probably of little value for active opera- 
tions in the field. The same is true of the " emergency ' 
men," and perhaps some of the other short-term troops 
in the Union army. Again, on the Union side, 00,000 - 
men of the Veteran Reserve Corps were not available 
for service in the field; and the enhstment of 300,000 
men was so near the close of the war that many did not 
see active service, and the records show that over 250 
reariments never went into action.^ 

O 

SUMMARY OF FOREGOING CALCULATIONS. 

Number of enlistments in Union army 2,898,304 

Number of men in Confederate army, estimated from 

the census 1,239,000 

Number of enlistments in Confederate army, estimated 
from the number of organizations and their total 
average strength, between .... 1,227,890 and 1,406,180 

Number of men serving three years, equivalent to the 
number enlisted in Union army, serving their actual 
terms 1,556,678 

Number of men serving three years, equivalent to the 
number enlisted in Confederate army, serving their 
actual terms 1,082,119 

The Records show that 385,245 were killed and 
wounded in the Union army,* while it has been 
gathered from the official reports, and, in their absence, 
from Confederate estimates of the loss in each engage- 
ment, that 94,000 were killed or mortally wounded in 
the Confederate army, which, in the usual ratio of 1 to 
2.5, would indicate a total loss in killed and wounded of 

• Ante, p. 61. '' M. and D., Part III. 93. 

• Reg. Losses, 467 et seq. * Reg. Losses, 47. 



64 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

329,000.' Table B - below sbows more men hit on the 
Confederate than on the Union side in 48 battles, in 
which over 46 per cent, of the Union loss occurred. 
Taken alone, the ratio between losses warrants no de- 
duction of the ratio between numbers. An army infe- 
rior in numbers, other conditions being equal, may lose 
as many men as a larger one opposing it, by keeping its 
individuals longer under fire. Without the bravery 
and resolution to do this to an extraordinary extent, the 
Confederates could not have prolonged the civil war for 
four years, and, by so many battles, against the superior 
numbers of the Union army. But if the average ratio 
between the per cent, of loss on one side and the per 
cent, of loss on the other side could be ascertained, this 
ratio, applied to the known number in the Union army, 
and total losses on both sides, would give a result 
which ought not to greatly vary from the total number 
in the Confederate army. In the endeavor to estab- 
lish this ratio, the writer has gathered the number 
engaged and the number killed and wounded in each 
battle in which 1000 or more were hit on either side, 
as below stated in detail and assembled in Tables A 
and B.^ For 15 of these battles the Official Records 
give the losses in the Union armies only, but for the 
other 48 they give numbers and losses on both sides, 
excepting a few instances where the writer has taken 
them from gfood authorities.^ These battles extend in 

» Reg. Losses, 554, 22. » Pages 140-145. 

' Doubtless the returns for some battles include some as missing 
who were killed or wounded, — notably those for the Seven Days' 
Battles, Chancellorsville, and Chickamauga on the Union side, and 
Shiloli, Stone's River, and Perrysville on the Confederate side. 
The Tables, pages 77-139, include the number reported as missing. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 65 

time to every year of the war, and in place to all parts 
of the contested territory, and the forces engaged in 
them include every army of importance on either side. 
It is shown in Table B that, in the 48 battles on the 
Union side, the aggregate of the numbers engaged was 
1,580,047, and the number hit was 176,557, and that 
on the Confederate side the aggregate of the num- 
bers engaged was 1,242,748, and the number hit was 
187,127. From this it appears that for an average 
number of 111.74 hit in 1000 on the Union side, there 
were 150.57 hit in 1000 on the Confederate side, but 
the greatest number were hit on the Union side, during 
the war, and it may be assumed that the ratio between 
these averages would not increase if extended to all 
battles. The total number of 385,245 hit in the Union 
army equals 247.48 per 1000 of 1,556,678, which, as 
has been above demonstrated,^ would be the number of 
men serving for three years, equivalent to the number 
of men in the Union army serving for their actual terms. 
Using these figures with 329,000 for the total number 
hit in the Confederate army, in the following formula, 

111.74 : 150.57 : : 247.48 : 333.48 
329,000 H- 333.48 X 1000 = 986,565 

a result is obtained which may be assumed to be 
within the number of men serving for three years, equi- 
valent to the number of men in the Confederate army 
serving for their actual terms. Previous calculations' 
have indicated the former number to be 1,082,119. 

Including the 15 battles above mentioned, for which 
the Records give the losses in the Union army only, the 
aggregate of the numbers engaged on the Union side 
' Page 50. * Page 61. 



66 NUMBERS AND LOSSES TN THE CITJL WAR 

was 2,331,595, and the losses were 247,596, or 106.19 
per 1000. As the Confederates were on the defensive, 
in earthworks in the most of these battles, it is proba- 
ble that if their nuiubers and losses iu these battles 
could be used, they would tend to increase the number 
obtained as the result in the above formula. On the 
other hand, it is possible that the total of 329,000 for 
the Confederate killed and wounded is too large, be- 
cause the ratio of 2.5 wounded to 1 killed or mortally 
wounded, which prevailed in the Union army, may be 
too large for the Confederate army, in which insuffi- 
cient surgical attendance and hospital supplies and 
inadequate hospitals may have caused a greater mortal- 
ity among the wounded. 

A considerable number of the Union regiments never 
went under fire, and, as substantially all the Confeder- 
ate regiments were in battle, this disparity to some 
extent would exaggerate the result of the above for- 
mula ; but as the terms of service of these Union regi- 
ments were short, they would represent but a small 
number serving for three years, and therefore would 
not greatly enlarge the result. 

METHOD OF ASCERTAINING THE NUMBERS ENGAGED. 

The Records, apparently following the reports and 
returns of the commanders, give the numbers in the 
different campaigns and battles variously as " present 
for duty," " present for duty equipped," or " effec- 
tive." Sometimes the last-named class excludes on 
both sides the non-combatants, and on the Confederate 
side the officers and even artillery and cavalry ; and, in 
the effort to number only the men bearing muskets in 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 67 

the firing-line, tbe stragglers, even those who have left 
the ranks on the field of battle, are sometimes excluded 
in reports of battles. (See Circular, 35 W. R., 619.) 

This practice of counting as efi'ective in the infantry- 
only the men bearing muskets in the firing-fine is of 
great value for informing commanders what weight of 
fire they can deliver, and the state of discipline in the 
ranks ; but it cannot be followed in ascertaining num- 
bers for comparison between the two sides in the civil 
war, or between the numbers in battles of that war and 
other wars, because the published accounts of the Union 
army, and of armies in other wars, do not usually state 
numbers on this basis. Officers, artillery, and cavalry 
are assuredly essential parts of the effective force of 
an army, and the efficiency of an army is certainly to 
be gauged quite as well by the number of combatants 
who fail to join in battle as by the valor of those who 
come into the firing-line. On the other hand, it is rea- 
sonable to exclude non-combatants from those counted 
as effective for battle. In both the Union and Confed- 
erate armies, the members of the regimental, medical, 
and quartermaster's departments, and the musicians, 
were non-combatants, and few of them were ever pre- 
sent in the firing-line, for even the drummers and fifers 
were usually employed in caring for the wounded; 
and these non-combatants, although essential to success- 
ful campaigns, cannot be said to have had any influence 
in the decision of battles in the civil war. 

In the Union army a regiment of infantry 1050 
strong regularly had about 70 non-combatants,' and too 

> Staff, 10 ; company musicians, 20 ; band, wagoners, and men 
detailed for duty at headquarters and in quartermaster's and medi- 
cal departments, 40. 



68 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

often men employed as company clerks and officers' ser- 
vants were kept out of battle. Sickness and other casu- 
alties began reducing the ranks as soon as a regiment 
went into camp, and probably not one ever reached a 
battlefield with full ranks. The average resrimental 
strength "present for duty," in the Union army, was 
about 5G0 at Shiloh,' and 650 at Fair Oaks," in the 
spring of 1862 ; 530 at Chancellorsville ^ in May, 375 at 
Gettysburg* in July, and 440 at Chickamauga'^ in Sep- 
tember, 1863 ; 440 at the Wilderness," and 305 in Sher- 
man's army" in May, 1864. Naturally the number of 
non-combatants in the regiments of these armies had 
not been reduced in the same proportion by casualties ; 
and, although their number was reduced in the interest 
of economy as the strength of the regiments diminished, 
yet there is no reason for conclutling that it was ever 
less than seven per cent, of the total "present for duty" 
in the infantry and artillery. Repeated instances are 
found in the Records where the numbers given as 
" effective " in infantry corps or divisions are from 89 to 
93 per cent, of the number " present for duty," ^ while 
in the cavalry the per cent, is often from 83 to 86.^ 

> 10 W. R., 100, 105, 112. 

» 12 W. R., 757 et seq; 14 W. R., 204. 

' 39 W. R., 156 et seq. ; 40 W. R. 320. 

* 43 W. R., 151, 155, et seq. 

" 50 W. R. 40 et seq., 169. 

« 67 W. R., 19 et seq., 915. 

' 72 AV. R., 89 et seq., 115 ; the number present for duty assumed 
to be 107 per cent, of the " effectives." 

' 31 W. R., 1121 ; 43 W. R., 152 ; 65 W. R., 12 ; 72 W. R., 
115 ; 75 W. R.. 373. 

» 40 W. R., 320 ; 43 W. R., 152 ; 67 W. R., 198 ; 72 W. R., 115 ; 
75 W. R., 373. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 69 

The lower per cents, may be accounted for by the 
deduction of men without arms in the infantry, and 
of men without mounts in the cavalry. It is apparent 
that the commanders of corps in the Union army did 
not all follow the same classification in countinar the 
numbers "present for duty equipped," or "effective;" 
for in some returns these numbers are the same as, or 
under one per cent, less than, the number " present for 
duty," and sometimes they are stated as even greater.* 
Although the Confederate returns bear evidence of hav- 
ing computed the " effectives" more consistently, yet it 
is apparent in some cases that a sufficient deduction is 
not made for the non-combatants." In view of these 
facts, the writer, adopting the number of effectives 
given in the Official Records in the few cases where 
they seem to be properly determined, or where the 
number present for duty is not given, has in other 
cases computed the number of effectives in the infantry 
and artillery at 93 per cent., and in the cavalry at 85 
per cent., of the number present for duty. In cases 
where the number of effectives given in the Confederate 
returns is used, an addition is made for officers if they 
appear not to have been included. In this connection 
it is to be observed that in the Union armies the num- 
ber of officers ran from 4 to 7 per cent, of the total 

^ For example, see Army of Potomac, 14 W. R., 238 ; Left Grand 
Div., 31 W. R., 1121 ; several corps, 40 W. R., 320 ; 11th corps, 
55 W. R., 13 ; 14th and 20th corps, 72 W. R., 115 ; 75 W. R., 373 ; 
Cav. Div., 95 W. R., 61 ; 23d corps, Dist. of Etowah, 95 W. R., 
53, 54. 

* For examples, see 23 W. R., 784; 91 W. R., 883. 



70 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

present for duty,' while in the Confederate armies it 
ran from 6^ to 11 per cent." 

It will be found that the numbers given in the tables 
below often differ from those commonly given, from the 
fact that organizations which, although figuring in the 
returns of the armies engaged were not in fact on the 
field of battle, are here excluded. The same is true of 
troops which, although on the field or within supporting 
distance, were in such position that their presence could 
not have had any effect on the opposing force. Atten- 
tion is called to each omission of this kind in the tables. 

COURAGE AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ARMIES 
COMPARED. 

The comparison of numbers and losses naturally leads 
to the inquiry whether, on the whole, one side showed 
martial capacity superior to that of the other ; and here 
it must be recognized that other things beside mere 
numbers and losses are to be taken into account. 

To invade and hold a constantly increasing territory 
required many more troops than would have been needed 
in the Union army for actual fighting, and many North- 
ern soldiers were employed in non-combatants' work, 
such as was done by negroes for the Southern army. 

1 W. R., vol. 2, p. 309 ; vol. 14. p. 184 ; vol. 28, p. 410 ; vol. 25, 
p. 246 ; vol. 23, p. 564 ; vol. 31, p. 1121 ; vol. 30, p. 285 ; vol. 40, 
p. 320 ; vol. 38, p. 249 ; vol. 43. p. 152 ; vol. 50, p. 169 ; vol. 55, 
p. 13 ; vol. 61. p. 168 ; vol. 67, pp. 198, 915 ; vol. 96, p. 737 ; vol. 
95, p. 61 ; vol. 75, p. 373 ; vol. 72, p. 117 ; vol. 91, p. 248 ; vol. 
93, p. 53. 

" W. R., vol. 2, p. 568 ; vol. 7, pp. 843. 855 ; vol. 80, pp. 10, 
23, 93, 398, 678, 784; vol. 75, pp. 14, 645 ; vol. 87, pp. 28, 621 ; 
vol. 81, pp. 28, 660 ; vol. 23, p. 784 ; vol. 31, p. 1057 ; vol. 29, p. 
674 ; vol. 38, p. 702 ; vol. 83, pp. 40, 696 ; vol. 53, p. 519 ; vol. 84, 
pp. 40, 8*7 ; vol. 91, p. 883. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 71 

In physical resources, such as transportation, arms, 
the munitions of war, food, clothing, and hospital sup- 
plies, the South was at a great disadvantage. The 
superiority of the North in these respects counter- 
balanced many men. 

With all these things taken into account, the long 
and resolute contest maintained by the South, and their 
many successes against superior numbers, must always 
command admiration. The fact that their attitude was 
mainly defensive is not enough alone to account for all 
they achieved ; and careful study of the campaigns and 
battles, with the statistics of losses, leads to the belief 
not only that the Southern leaders were, at least up 
to 1864, bolder in taking risks than their opponents, 
but also that they pushed their forces under fire very 
nearly to the limit of endurance. Such strategy as that 
displayed by Jackson in the three campaigns of the 
Chickahominy, the second Bull Run, and Chancellors- 
ville, was matched on the Northern side only by Grant's 
movements across the Mississippi and behind Vicksburg. 
The more frequent ventures of the Confederate gener- 
als may be attributed in part to the greater impetuosity 
of the Southern temperament, and in part to the ever 
present consciousness in the Union generals that they 
were warring to preserve, and in the Confederate gen- 
erals that they were warring to destroy, a government; 
in the Union generals that they were defend 'jg railway 
lines and cities of great wealth whose capture would 
benefit the enemy as much as it would injure the cause 
of the Union ; in the Cohrederate generals that to 
defend their cities was not vital to their cause. But 
good generals cannot fight ba' Jes as the Confederates 
fought them without extraor'..aarily good soldiers. 



72 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

In measuring the courage and efficiency of the line 
of an army, it is not enough to consider the per cent, 
of loss which it endures in a battle or series of battles. 
The loss suffered in a rout is not a measure of courage. 
It never can be proved that in winning victory an army 
has been pressed to the limit of its endurance; and on the 
other hand, while a rout may indicate that the limit of 
courage has been reached, an army which is withdrawn 
by the commanding general from a well-contested field, 
if it retires at will and in good order, cannot be said 
to have reached the limit of its endurance, although in 
a general sense defeat is acknowledged by the act of 
abandoning the field. The general who is responsible 
may have been weak, or, being strong, may have, after 
a fair trial for victory, elected to wait for another day 
and another field. Tactical advantages, or the cover of 
intrenchments on one side, may render courage unavail- 
ing on the other side, and a line of the bravest men 
may be swept away by the weight of superior numbers. 

COMPAEISON OF SIMILAR BATTLES. 

It is obvious that the conduct of armies should be 
compared, where possible, in situations similar to each 
other. This is attempted for the Union and Confed- 
erate armies in what follows. 

The Confederates, with a loss of 301 in 1000 at Get- 
tysburg and 266 at Stone's River, may be compared 
to the Union men in the eight days. May 5-12, in the 
Wilderness and at Spottsylvanla, with a loss of 296 in 
1000 infantry and artillery, or 263 in 1000 in all arras. 
At Gettysburg the Confederates, having gained ground 
during two days, were checked on the third, and then, 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 73 

after delaying a day on the field, relinquished the fight 
and left the field in the possession of their adversaries. 
The history of the Confederates at Stone's River is almost 
identically the same. In the Wilderness the Confeder- 
ates defeated the attempt to turn their flank, but failed 
to drive the Union army, which, after gaining ground, 
transferred the conflict by another flanking march a few 
miles to the south, and again took the offensive in a 
series of attacks on the intrenchments of the Confeder- 
ates at Spottsylvania. Although it carried a portion 
of the works, it failed to carry the Confederate posi- 
tion. Neither side gained a victory. The combats, 
May 5-12, were, as far as testing the quality of the 
men was concerned, in effect a continuous battle, and 
may be fairly treated as such for the purpose of the 
foregoing comparison. As the cavalry were absent 
after the 8th of May and took no part in the infantry 
combat, it seems proper to omit their numbers and losses 
for this purpose. 

The loss of 267 in 1000 suffered by the Union col- 
umn in the assault on the works of Port Hudson, 
June 14, entitles it to be compared with the attack- 
ing armies in the three battles above mentioned ; but the 
endurance of a small and homogeneous force like that 
at Port Hudson does not give the same evidence of the 
martial quality of the armies, as a whole, as is afforded 
by their conduct in the great battles. There were re- 
peated instances in the great battles Avhere a division or 
corps, numbering as many as, or more than, the Union 
force at Port Hudson or Olustee, endured a greater per 
cent, of loss, as, for example, the loss at Gettysburg by 
the Second Corps of 328 in 1000 of its 12,141 effec- 



74 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

tives (43 W. R., 151, 177), and at Fredericksburg, by 
Hancock's division of the same corps, of 360 in 1000 
of its 500G effectives (31 W. R., 288, 130). 

At Chiekamauga the Confederates, with a superior 
force, routed a part of the Union army, and compelled 
the rest to relinquish the field, although in good order 
and moving or standing at will. The Confederate loss 
was 259 in 1000. The attitude of the Union army at 
Antietam was similar to that of the Confederates at 
Chiekamauga ; but the Union commander allowed only 
53,000 of his 75,000 to open fire, and, although they 
gained ground at all points, he was content to stop the 
attack with a loss of 219 per 1000 of these 53,000. 
This is a conspicuous example of those cases where it 
cannot be maintained that the victorious army exhausted 
its courage. 

Shiloh, on the Confederate side, had no exact parallel 
on the Union side. Successful on the first day against 
inferior numbers, it was driven from the field by superior 
numbers on the second, after a loss of 241 in 1000. The 
Union army at Olustee gave up the attack and abandoned 
the field after a loss of 265 per 1000 ; but, as has been 
before suggested, a comparison is not just between a 
small force like that at Olustee and an army as large as 
the Confederate force at Shiloh. 

For further comparison of losses under similar con- 
ditions, the 63 battles of Table B may be classified as 
follows, although discrimination must be made between 
those which are styled defeats, because some are ranged 
under this head merely because the field was abandoned ; 
when considered tactically, the retreating army was 
successful in the battle itself. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 75 



ASSAULTS ON FORTIFIED LINES. 



SUCCESSES ' 



PAKTIAL 80CCBSSES' 



Union loas per 1000 


Union loss per 1000 


Winchester 

Chattanooga 

Petersburg, April 2 . . . . 
Jonesborough, September 1 . 

Nashville 

Arkansas Post ^ . . . . . 


. 124 
. 97 
. 60 
. 57 
. 56 
. 36 


Chaffin's Farm 

Petersburg, June 16-18 . . 

Fort Donelson ^ 

SpottsyWania, May 12 . . . 
Deep Bottom 


. 137 
. 128 
. 96 
. 96 
. 78 



Union loss per 1000 



Port Hudson, June 14 .... 267 

Fort Wagner 214 

Port Hudson, May 27 .... 141 

The Mine 138 

Kenesaw Mountain 123 

Cold Harbor Ill 

Spottsylvania, May 10 .... 108 

Fredericksburg 103 

Vicksburg, May 22 67 

Chickasaw Bayon 39 



Confederate loss per 1000 



Adanta, July 28 222 

Franklin 206 

AUanta, July 22 190 

Peach Tree Creek 133 

Corinth 112 

Mechanicsrille 91 

Bentonville 89 

Jonesborough, August 31 . . . 72 



Union loss per 1000 



Olnstee 265 

Cedar Mountain ^ 219 

Chickamauga 196 

Wilson's Creek * 175 

Drewry's BlufF 175 

Manassas and Chantilly . . , 132 

Chancellorsville 114 

Pleasant Hill 78 



Confederate loss per 1000 



Gettysbnig 301 

Stone's River 266 

Shiloh 241 

Antietam 226 

Tupelo 201 

Perryville 196 

Fair Oaks 137 

South Mountain 105 

Prairie Grove 98 

Weldon R. R 81 

Pea Ridge 43 

Arkansas Post^ 24 



' Although the Confederates did not take and hold fortiSed lines in any of 
the battles of Table A, note should be made of Harper's Ferry, where, altliough 
the loss in killed and wounded did not amount to 1000 on either side, 1M,000 
Union troops were surrendered. On the other side, note should be made of 
Five Forks, where 5(X)0 to 6000 Confederates were taken. 

^ The defeated army was greatly outnumbered. 

® Under this head the assault only is referred to. 

* The defeat is to be attributed to the rawness of the troops. 



76 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 





Union loaa 


per 


1000 




Confederate lou per 1000 




Richmond 


Ky. . 
iU'. . 


• 


, 


. 101 
. 117 
. 62 


Winchester ' . . 
Cedar Creek ' . . 


. . . . 


. 128 
. 101 


Bull Run ■' 


Petersburg, April 2 
NaahvUle .... 




unknown 













VICTORIES 



Union loss per 1000 



Stone's River 223 

Gettysburg 200 

Shilob 162 

Autietain \->h 

Cedar Creek 132 

Wineliester 124 

Fair Oaks 105 

Pea Ridge 10.5 

Corinth 104 

Perryville 100 

Pr.airie Grove 99 

Chattanooga 97 

Peach Tree Creek 79 

Champion Hill 76 

South Mountain 68 

Atlanta, July 22 65 

Weldon R. R 64 

Bentonville 58 

Dinwiddie 48 

Tupelo 45 

Atlanta, July 28 42 

Arkansas Post 36 

Jonesborough, August 31 . . . 13 



Confederate loea per 1000 



Chickamauga 259 

Chancellorsville 187 

Manassas and Chantilly . . . 187 

Olustee 180 

Drewry's Bluff 158 

Gaines's Mill 153 

Wilson's Creek 100' 

Fort Wagner 95 

Cedar Mountain 79 

Pleasant Hill 70 

Richmond, Ky 66 

Fredericksburg 64 

BuU Run 61 

Port Hudson, May 27 ... . 66 

Kenesaw Mountain 15 

Mine Run' 16 

Chickasaw Bayou 14 

Port Hudson, June 14 ... . 13 



' The defeated army was greatly outnumbered. 

^ The defeat is to be attributed to the rawness of the troops. 

' The Union army, failing in its manceuvre to flank its adversary, withdrew 
without offering battle. Its main loss occurred in repelling a Confederate 
attack. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN TEE CIVIL WAR 77 

BATTLES FOUGHT TO COVER A PBEASBAK6ED MOVEMKNT, PUBSUINO WHICH 
THE AKMT BETIBED AFTBB EEPELLING ATTACK 



Union loss per 1000 



Peach Orchard to Malvem Hilll 60 

Franklin 40 

MechanicsvUle 16 



Conlederate loss per 1000 



Williamsburg 49 



The foregoing comparisons do not give ground on 
■which to award the display of superior courage or stead- 
fastness to the armies as a whole on either side. The 
record on both sides places the people of the United 
States in the first rank of militant nations. 

BULL KUN, JULY 21, 1861. 

CSION ABUT. 

Present for duty, ex. Runyon's division, and including 

Blenker's brigade 30,5&4<' 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 28,452 

KUled, 481. Wounded, 1011. Total, 1492. Missing, 1216." 
Hit in 1000, 52. Hit by 1000, 70.= 

CONFEDERATE ABMT. 

Army of the Potomac, effectives (including oflBcers) . 21,883 " 
Army of the Shenandoah, effectives (probably in- 
cluding officers) 8,884 ** 

Holmes's brigade, effectives (officers and artillery 

estimated at 200) 1,465 ' 

Total engaged 32,232 

KiUed, 387. Wounded, 1582. Total, 1969. Missing, 12./ 
Hit in 1000, 61. Hit by 1000, 46. 

" 2 W. R., 304, 309. >> 2 W. R., 327. ' 2 W. R., 487, 568. <* 2 W. R., 187, 
487, 569. « 2 W. R., 487. / 2 W. R., 570. 

' The Confederate loss was 99 in lOOO. 

= The number hit by 1000 is given in this and the following tables as one 
measure of courage and efficiency. See Preface to Second Edition, ante. 



78 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
Wilson's ckeek, mo., august lo, I8GI. 

UNION ARMT. 

Lyon's command, about • 5,400 " 

Killed, 223. Wounded, 721. Total, 944. Missing, 291.» 
Hit in 1000, 175. Hit by 1000, 214. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

McCullocb's command, e£Pectives, about * 11,600' 

Killed, 257. Wounded, 900. Total, 1157.» Missing, 27." 
Hit in 1000, 100. Hit by 1000, 81. 

" 3 W. R., 60, 86. » 3 W. R., 72. <: 3 W. R., 104. ^ 3 W. R., 101, 126. 
FORT DONELSON, FEBRUAET 12-16, 1862. 

UNION ARHT. 

In the lines and guarding the road to the left . . . 27,000 <> 
Killed, 500. Wounded, 2108. Total, 2608. Missing, 224." 
Hit in 1000, 96. Hit by 1000, 74. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

Engaged* about « 21,000" 

Killed and wounded, 2000.'' Missing, 14,623.' 
Hit in 1000, 95. Hit by 1000, 124. 

" 1 Grant's Memoirs, 315. ' 7 W. R., 169. ' 1 Grant's Memoirs, 315. 
<< 7 W. R., 291 1 1 Grants Memoirs, 314. 

' It is not clear whather this is the number present for duty }r effective. 
SigeFs artillery numbered 120, and his two companies of cavalry about 125 
(see 3 W. R., 48). General Fremont's dispatch of August 13, placing tlie force 
at 8000, assumed the presence of 2000 Home Guards, when in fact they num- 
bered only 200 (3 W. R., rA, 65). 

' It is not clear whether officers are included. The artillery is estimated at 
300. 

' General McCnlloch's report, giving 257 killed and 800 wounded, is cor- 
rected above by the reports of his subordinates. 

* General Pillow reported that he had " only about 13,000 troops all told " 
(7 W. R., 2Sii), but 16,62;? were killed, wounded, and captured, and at least 
2000 more escaped (7 W. R., 275, 295). The records show that there wer« 
present for duty in Buckner's division, 4481, ,Ianuary 31 ; in Tilghman's, 3830, 

' There are no data for determining whether these are the numbers " present 
for duty," or " present for duty equipped," or " e6fective." 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 79 

PEA BIDGE, AKK., MAKCH 7, 1862. 
CMION ABUT. 

Army of the Southwest, about ' 11,250 » 

Killed, 203 ; wounded, 980. Total IISS.' Missing, 201." 
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 53. 

CONFEDEBATE ABKY. 

Van Dom's command, about ' 14,000 ' 

Killed and wounded, about GOO.-' Missing, 200.-^ 
Hit in 1000, 43. Hit by 1000, 84. 

« 8 W. R., 196, 554. '8 W. B. 206. <= 8 W. R., 285. 

8HIL0H, APRIL 6, 7, 1862. 

UiaON ABHT. 

Army of the Tennessee, e£Eective*» ' 42,682 " 

Army of the Ohio, 2d, 4th, and 5th divisions . . . ♦20,000" 

Total engaged 62,682 

KiUed, 1754. Wounded, 8408. Total, 10,162. Missing, 2885.= 
Hit in 1000, 162. Hit by 1000, 155. 

<■ 10 W. E., 112. » 1 Grant's Memoirs, 366; 1 Van Home, 112, 115; 10 
W. R., 325. " 10 W. R., lOS. 

January 21 ; and in Floyd's brigade, 1286, after the battle (7 W. R., 327, 853, 
366, 843, 275), and that Johnson's division of 15 regiments was present (7 W. R., 
359), which at the average strength of regiments at that time numbered at 
least 7500, besides the cavalry (7 W. R., 383). The .30th Mississippi regiment, 
of Floyd's brigade, had lost 532 in the battle (7 W. R., 380). This gives a 
total of at least 17,530. In view of these figures, and in the absence of de- 
tailed returns to support General Pillow's estimate, it is probably safe to adopt 
the number 2 1 ,(JOO given by General Grant. 

' This apparently was the " effective " force, the artillery being estimated at 
1000, and Major Conrad's detachment of 250 deducted. 

^ This probably was the effective force. 

8 Estimated at 93 per cent, of 44,895 present for duty, plus 1000 for 2 
regiments and 1 battery, which, according to the note of the compiler of the 
returns (10 W. R., 112), are not included in 5463 given for the 6th division. 

* The numbers given in the authorities cited are adopt«d in the absence of 
returns. The April returns do not serve, because the composition of the divi- 
sions named in thera differed from tl«vt of April 7. The 6th division is here 
excluded, because no part of it got within reach of the Confederates, or arrived 
until after the retreat was general (10 W. R., 378, 380). 



80 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

CONPEDEBATE ARHT. 

Effectives UO.SSS"* 

Killed, 1723. "Wounded, 8012. Total, 9735. Missing, 959 « 
Hit in 1000, 241. Hit by 1000, 252. 

■* 10 W. R., 396. « 10 W. R., 395. 



WILLIAMSBURG, MAT 4, 5, 1862. 

0MION AKMT. 

" Effective strength," estimated at 93 per cent, of the 
number " present for duty," which is assumed to be 
If of the number present for duty in 3d and 4th 
corps* '40,768" 

Killed, 456. Wounded, 1410. Total, 1866. Missing, 373." 

Hit in 1000, 45. Hit by 1000, 39. 

CONFEDERATE ABKT. 

Effective strength," May 21, 1862, of the divisions of 
Longstreet and Hill, and the brigades of McLaws, 
Kershaw, and Stuart * 30,120 "= 

Add loss May 4, 5 1,703 

Total engaged 31,823 

" 12 W. R., 281-283, 456, 496, 521, 525, 559, 563 ; 14 W. R., 130. ' 12 W. R., 
460. ' 12 W. R., 566, .566, 442, 572, 602, 603 ; 14 W. R., 530, 531. 

1 It is aasnroed that from the " effective total " of the field return, the 4 regi- 
ments, 2 battaliona, and 1 battery which were ordered to guard Corinth are 
excluded (10 W. R., .^9, 399, note) ; adding to the return of June 30 (10 W. R., 
399), of 39,598 present for duty, 2262 for the ,3d corps, and 2373 for the 
cavalry, as shown in the field return above cited, a total of 44,2.3;^ is reached ; 
93 per cent- of this number would give 41,136 as against the 40,336 above 
adopted as the effectives. 

" 54 of the 85 regiments in the 3d and 4th corps were present, but only 35 
suffered loss. 

' That this was only the " effective " strength is shown at 14 W. R., 479 et seq. 
Comparison with pp. 460, 5,30, et seq., shows that the numbers given pp. 479 
et seq. apply to a later date than April .30. 

* Apparently this number ought to be increased for the cavalry of Wise's and 
Hampton's legions (12 W. R., 445), numbering perhaps about 700. (See Hamp- 
ton's Legion, 14 W. R., 4S3.) 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 81 

Killed and wounded, 1570.' Missing, 133." 
Hit in 1000, 49. Hit by 1000, 59. 

•* 12 W. R., 443, 668, 569. 

FAm OAKS, MAT 31, JUNE 1, 1862. 

UKION ASMT. 

2d, 3d, and 4th corps present for duty May 31 . . 51,543 " 
Deduct 3d corps cavalry, 751, and 8 regiments and 5 
batteries, estimated at 5848, not engaged .... 6,599 ' 

44,944 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 41,797 

Killed, 790. Wounded, 3594. Total, 4384. Missing, 647.= 
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 137. 

CONFEDERATE ABUT. 

Effective strength of Smith's, Longstreet's, and HUl's 

divisions, May 21 '35,559'' 

Effective strength of Hugcr's division (3 brigades), 

estimated" 6,257 « 

Total effective 41,816 

KiUed, 980. Wounded, 4749. Total, 5729. Missing, 405. ^ 
Hit in 1000, 137. Hit by 1000, 105, 

» 14 W. R., 204. ' 14 W. R., 238 ; 12 W. R., 759-761. <= 12 W. R., 762. 
" 12 W. R., 9.33-935; 14 W. R., 530, .531. ' 12 W. R., 933-935, 940; 14 
W. R., 570, 555. / Reg. Losses, 549 ; 12 W. R., 942, 991. 

^ A few casualties occnrred in Stnart^s brigade, which are not included, as 
their nnmber is not stated (12 W. R., 572). 

^ That this was " effective " strength, see 14 W. R., 479-483. 

' Estimated, proportionately to the nnmbei of brigades, to be equal to ^ of 
the other three divisions. 



82 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
MECHANICSVILLE, JXINE 26, 1862. 

UNION AEMT. 

Present for duty June 20, in 3d division, 5th corps . 9,514 « 
Present for duty June 20, in Ist and 2d brigade, 1st 

division, 5th corps ' 6,844 "" 

Present for duty June 20, in 6 batteries, estimated at . 450 

16,808 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,631 

KiUed, 49. AVounded, 207. Total, 256. Missing, 105." 
Hit in 1000, 16. Hit by 1000, 95. 

OONFEDEBATE ARMT. 

' A. P. Hill's division 14,000'^ 

Ripley's brigade 2,356 ** 

Effectives, June 26 16,356 

Killed and wounded, 1484.' ' 

Hit in 1000, 91. Hit by 1000, 16. 

° 14 W. R., 238 ; 13 W. R., 30, 222, 237. * 13 W. R., 39. <^ 13 W. R., 
835. " 13 W. R., 835, 650. « 13 W. R., 982, 983. 

GAINES'S MILL, JUNE 27, 1862. 

UNION ARMT. 

Present for duty June 20, in 5th corps,' Slocum's 

division and Cooke's cavalry * 39,295 " 

Deduct 671 cavalry, 17th Xew York and 18th Massa- 

chusette (1473),' and loss June 26 (361) . . . 2.505 " 

Total present for duty, June 27 • 36,790 

« 13 W. R., 36, 41 ; 14 W. B., 238. » 13 W. R., 39. 

1 Estimated at -^ of the strength of the division, — 18th Massachusetts de- 
tached. 

" 400 estimated as the loss in G. B. Anderson's hrijfade, and 7 re^ments and 
1 hattalion of Field's, Urancira, and Pender's brigades. This estimate exceeds 
ty about 100 that which ia adopted by Fox (Reg. Losses, 6.10 note), and it is 
witli liesitation that it is used as against an authority whose figures are so well 
considered. 

' Including McCall's division. 

' Estimated proportionately to the squadrons at j j of the cavalry division. 

' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at j^j of the r)th corps. 

• French's and Meagher's brigades not included, as they arrived after the 
battle was decided. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 83 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 34,214 

Killed, 894. Wounded, 3107. Totol, 4001. Missing, 2836.' 
Hit in 1000, 117. Hit by 1000, 256. 

CONTEDEKATE ABMT. 

Present for duty July 20,' in Longstreet's," A. P. 

Hill's,' D. H. Hill's, and Whiting's divisions . . * 32,598 <» 
Deduct Wise's brigade (about 1300j, leaving present 

for duty July 20 31,298 ' 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 29,107 

Add losses in above forces, June 28 to July 1 . . . ' 11,921-'' 
Winder's brigade, June 10, and Lawton's brigade, 

June 27 4,945 1' 

Swell's division, and Jones and Fulkerson's brigades 

of Jackson's division, estimated ° at 11,045 

Total effectives, June 27 ' 57,018 

Killed and wounded, 8751. 

Hit in 1000, 153. Hit by 1000, 70.* 

' 1.3 W. R., 41. <« 14 W. R., 645. ' 14 W. R., 604; 1.3 W. R., 916. 
/ 13 W. R., 973 et geq. » 1-5 W. R., 742 ; 13 W. R., .595. * Reg. Losses, 5.50 
note ; 13 W. R., 608, 616, 97.3, et seq. 



1 The number present for dnty was 73.5 per cent, of the aggregate present, 
as against ^ to 87 per cent, at later periods, which suggests the possibility that 
the proportion present for dnty was aboTe 73.5 per cent. Jnne 27. 

* The 16th Mississippi in this division Jnly 20 was in Ewell's Jnne 25 (14 
W. R., 649 ; 13 W. R., 4S4). 

' The gain of 2 Virginia heavy artillery is assmned to equal the loss of 2 
A rkansaa and 22 Virginia battalions in this division. 

* It is not certain that the artillery is inclnded here. (See G. O., No. 71 ; 14 
W. R., 612.) 

* This number is reached by deducting from the total loss in the seven days 
14S4 for the loss .June 26, of which 400 is estimated for G. B. Anderson's 
brigade, and 7 regiments and 1 battalion of Field's, Branch's, and Pender's 
brigades, for which commands there is no report of loss separated from that in 
the other actions. 

* Estimated at 470 per regiment, the average per regiment of the 42,803 
above ascertained for Jnne 27. 

^ Statements of numbers in the commands above named, together with 
losses prior to Jone 27, are found in reports and dispatches as follows : — 



84 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

PEACH ORCHARD, SAVAGE STATION, JUNE 29, 1862. 

WUITE OAK SWAMP, GLENDALE, JUNE 30, 1802. 

MALVEKN HILL, JULY 1, 1862. 

TNION AKHT. 

Army of Potomac, present for duty June 20 . 115,102 " 

Deduct general staff, escort, engineers, provost 
guard, quartermaster's guard, and Dix's 
command 12,920 

Deduct Casey's and Stoneman's commands * . 4,150 17,070 >> 

98,032 
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' . . . 91,169 

Deduct losses June 25-28 7,824' 

Total engaged 83,345 

« 14 W. R., 230. " 13 W. R., 298, 330, 482. ' 13 W. R., 37-41. 

April 16, Ewell's division, 8000, loss May 23, June 9, 1175 ; leav- 
ing June 10 1 6,825 

May 3, Jones aud Fulkerson's brigades, 4716; loases. May 8, June 

9, 1S9 ; leaving June 10 2 4,827 

May 21, Hood's and Law's brigades, 4320 ; losses, May 31, 357 ; 

leaving June 1 » 3,963 

June 2, Hampton's legion, 219 ; leaving June 2 * 219 

June 10, Winder's brigade, 1122; leaving June 10 '1,122 

June 27, D. H. Hill's division (10,000), and brigades of Lawton 
(.T500). Kemper (1433), Pickett (1481), Wilcox (1850), 
Pryor (1400) ; leaving June 27 8 19,664 

June 25, A. P. Hill's division, 14,000 ; less loss June 26, 909 ; 

leaving June 27 ' 13,091 

49,411 
R. H. Anderson's and Featherston'g brigades, at the average 

regiment:tl strength (333) of the rest of Longstreet's division, 

vould number 2,497 

Total 51,908 

As the reports referred to usually give the number of " men," "muskets," 
or rank and file, it is possible that about ii'>(X) should be added for officers ; 
and artillery is probably not included in the numbers above given, and there- 
fore at least 1.500 should be added for this arm. These additions would bring 
the total to abont 57,000. 

1 The infantry is estimated at 50 to a company, the average in the army. 
^ Estimating the effectives in the cavalry at 85 per cent, of the present for 
duty would reduce this number about 250. 

1 18 W. R., Ml ; 15 W. R., 718, 781, 783. > 18 W. R., 879 ; 16 W. R., 476, 717, 767-769, 
773-777. > 14 W. R., 530 ; 13 W. R., 606. « 12 W. B. 904. « 16 W. R., 742. MSW.R., 629, 
696, 762, 767, 776, 781. ' 13 W. B., 836, 982, 983. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 85 

KiUed, 724. Wounded, 4245. Total, 4969. Missing, 3067.'' 
Hit in 1000, 60. Hit by 1000, 103. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT. 

Army of Northern Virginia, present for duty July 20 ' 69,732 ' 
Deduct Martin's brigade (2228), Wise's brigade 
(300), 47th and 48th Alabama, 32d and 53d North 
Carolina (2000) ''4,528/ 

65,204 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' 60,639 

Add losses, June 29^uly 1 * 11,484" 

Effectives June 27 in Winder's and Lawton's brigade, 

Jackson's division 4,945 * 

Effectives in Ewell's division and Jones's and Fulker- 

son'g brigades, Jackson's division, estimated at . . 11,045 ' 

88,113 
Deduct loss in Ewell's and Jackson's divisions, Jane 27 1,365 ^ 

Total engaged ' 86,748 

Killed and wounded, 8602. Missing, 875.* 
Hit in 1000, 99. Hit by 1000, 57. 

<* 13 W. B., 37^1. ' 14 W. R. 645. /9 W. R., 476; 13 W. R., 916; 14 
W. R., 601, 651. ' Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq. * 13 W. R., 
595 ; 15 W. R., 742. ' Ante, p. 83, note 6. > 13 W. B., 973-975, 608, 616. 
* Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq. 

^ As suggested (ante, p. 83, note), it is possible that this number as returned 
is below the actual number. 

' These regiments of Taliaferro's and Daniel's brigades are estimated at 500 
each. 

* Estimating the effectives in the cavalry at 85 per cent of the present for 
duty would reduce this number about 250. 

* This number is reached by deducting from the total loss in the Seven Days' 
Battles, 20,614 (Reg. Losses, 550), the losses in Jackson's and Ewell's divi- 
sions, 1762 (13 W. R., 973-975, 608, 616), from the remainder, 18,852, the loss 
at Gaines's Mill, in all the army except these two divisions (7386), which is 
found by deducting from the total loss at Gaines's Mill, 8751, the loss in these 
two divisions, 1,365. (See Reg. Losses, 550, note ; 13 W. R., 973 et seq., 
608, 616.) 

' The total of the nnmbeis of the different brigades and divisions stated in 



86 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
SEVEN DATS' BATTLES, JTJNE 26-JULT 1, 1862. 

UNION AKMT. 

Effectives engaged 91,169 ■■ 

Killed, 1734. Wounded, 8062. Total, 9796. Missuig, 6053.» 
Hit in 1000, 107. Hit by 1000, 216. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Effectives in Army of Northern Virginia July 20 . . 60,639 ' 
Losses in the Army of Northern Virginia June 25- 

Julyl 18,852" 

Effectives in Ewell's and Jackson's divisions . . . 15,990 « 



Total engaged ' 95,481 

Killed, 3478. Wounded, 16,261. Total, 19,739. Missing, 
875.-^ 

Hit in 1000, 207. Hit by 1000, 102. 

" Ante, p. 84. <• 13 W. R., .37. ' Ante, p. 84. '' Reg. Losses, 550 ; 13 W. R., 
973-975, (X)8, 016. ' 13 W. R., 595 ; 15 W. R., 742 ; ante, p. 83, note 6 ; 
Reg. Losses, 550 ; 13 W. R., 973-984. 

reports and dispatches was about 04,000. (See ante, p. 83, note 7 ; 13 \V. R., 
794, 906, 907.) Adding 2487, the strength of R. H. Anderson's ,ind Feather- 
ston's brigades, estimated by the average strength of the regiments in the 
rest of Longstreet's division (333), and about 7000 estimated for the reserve, 
artiUery, and cavalry (13 W. R., 980, 981 ; 14 W. R., 645), and about 74,000 
would be reached as the total nnmber. 

' The reports of the various commanders state an aggregate of 75,769 car- 
ried into action. (Ante, p. 83, note 7 ; 13 W. R., 601, 796, 806, 818, 794, 906, 
913.) These reports do not state the number of Featherston's and R. H. 
Anderson's brigades, or the cavalry or artillery. Estimating these two brig- 
ades at the average strength. (:};«}) per regiment of the rest of Longstreet's 
division, '2497, the artillery at 93 per cent., and the cavalry at 85 per cent, of 
the present for duty July 20 (14 W. R., 645), a total of 0403 plus their loss 
of 245 June 26 to July 1 (13 W. R., 973-984), and adding 7 per cent, for the 
officers in all but Mahone's and Armistead's brigades (3008), in which alone the 
reports seem to include officers, a total of about 90,000 is reached for the num- 
ber engaged. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 87 
CEDAK MOXJNTAtN, AUGUST 9, 1862. 

UKION ABUT. 

Williams's division (3700),' Angnr's division (3163),* 

Bayard's cavalry (1167) ' 8,030 « 

KiUed, 314. Wounded, 1445. Total, 1759.* Missing, 594.* «■ 
Hit in 1000, 219. Hit by 1000, 166. 

CONFEDERATE ABUY. 

Present for duty, Ewell's division, August 9, 5222,' 

Hill's division, July 20, 10,651 15,873 <^ 

Present for duty, Winder's division,' July 20, 13J 

regiments, estimated at ' 5,035 ■' 



20,908 
Deduct Ewell's pickets (330) and Field's and Gregg's 

brigades (10 regiments), estimated at 3730 ' . . . 4,060 * 

16,848 

<»2 Mass. MU. Hist., 417; 16 W. R., 89, 153, 808, 1.57; 18 W. R., 523. 
» 16 W. R., 139. ' 18 W. R., 965 ; 16 W. R., 227 ; 14 W. R., 645. ^ 14 W. R., 
645, 648. ' 14 W. R., &19 ; 16 W. K., 215, 217, 233. 

' Only 7 of the 13 iafantry regimeats were present (16 W. R., 149, 152, 
160; 18 W. R., .523). The brigades numbered: Crawford's, 1767; Gordon's, 
1500 "men;" 433 is allowed for oiEcers and batteries, to conform to General 
WiUiams's statement (16 W. R., 148). 

^ Officers estimated, 1.50. 

' 85 per cent, of present for duty July 31. 

* Exclnding loss of 16 stated for General Banks's escort, and 102 for Pick- 
ett's division. This division is not included in the force engaged, because, be- 
fore it arrived, the Union line was driven back and the battle was decided ; and, 
although its loss occurred where the Union line made its stand in the rear, it 
was after dark in an encounter which had no effect on the combat, which had 
already been wou by the Confederates. The extraordinary nature of the ear- 
lier combat seems to warrant a comparison of numbers and losses strictly con- 
fined to the forces involved in the decision of it. (.See 16 W. R., 328, 170-175, 
139.) On the same theory, Field's, Gregg's, and Stafford's (2d Louisiana) brig- 
ades are omitted on the Confederate side. (16 W. R., 214, 215, 184; 18 
W. R., 918, 919.) 

^ 5027 present for duty August 10, plus 19.5 lost August 9. 

** Lawton's brigade absent and not included (16 W. R., 182). 

' Estimated at 37.3 per regiment, the average strength of the 43 regiments 
above included as present for duty in Hill's and Kwell's divisions. (See Lee to 
Jackson, 18 W. R., 918.) 



88 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,668 

Robertson's cavalry (Asbby's and 2d, 6th, and 12th 

Virginia) 1,200-^ 

Total engaged 16,868 

Killed, 231. Wounded, 1107. Total, ' 1338.» 
Hit in 1000, 79. Hit by 1000, 104. 

/ 16 W. R., 180 ; 18 W. E., 527. See 8 So. Hist. Soc., 178 et seq. » 16 W. R., 
180, 225, 228. 

MANASSAS AND CHANTILLT, AUGUST 27-8EPTEMBEB 2, 1862. 

UNION ARMT. 

Sigel's (12,131) '^ and McDowell's corps (20,431) » . 32,562 » 

4 regiments of Kanawha division, estimated at . . . 2,600 " 
9th corps (8000), Hooker's and Kearny's divisions 

(14,952)* 22,952' 

5th corps, including Reynolds's division and Piatt's 

brigade •15,982'' 

Taylor's brigade, 6th corps 1,600 ' 

Total engaged 75,696 

KiUed, 1724. Wounded, 8372. Total, 10,096.« Missing,' 5958.-' 
Hit in 1000, 132. Hit by 1000, 120. 

CONFEDERATE ARUV. 

Present for duty July 20, in Longstreet's, A. P. Hill's, 

Anderson's, Jones's, and Whiting's divisions . . 32,855 " 

» 18 W. R., 523, 580, 603. » 18 W. R., 308, 309, 523. ' 9 W. R., 409, 410 ; 
14 W. R., 367 ; 18 W. R., 614. " 16 W. R., 401, 396, 2.56 ; 18 W. R., 619; 
17 W. R., 1001. ' 16 W. R., 537. / 16 W. R., 262. » 14 W. R., 645. 

' Not including loss in Field's, Gregg's, or Stafford's brigades. 

' 93 per cent, of present for duty, ex. headqiiarters staff and escort. 

' 93 per cent, of infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry present for duty, 
August 16, ex. staff, signal corps, and pontoneers. 

* 93 per cent, of present for duty August 10. 

' 93 per cent, of present for duty in Morell's division August 16, and Sykes's 
division August 2S, plus numbers given in field returns of Reynolds and Piatt 
(including casualties). 

' Excluding loss in Banks's corps, which was not eng^aged, August 28-Sep- 
tember 2, and including the few casualties on the Rappahannock. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 89 

Ewell's division, August 10 (5027), and Jackson's 
division, estimated at 5365 '■ 10,932 * 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of 43,247= 

40,219 
Effectives in the brigades of Evans (2200), Lawton 

(2933), and Drayton (1550) '^ 6,683* 

Effectives in Stuart's cavalry, estimated ' at . . . . 2,768 

49,670 
Deduct losses at Cedar Mountain in Hill's and Jack- 
son's divisions 1,143-^ 

Total engaged 48,527 

Killed, 1481. Wounded, 7627. Total, 9108. Mbsing,* 89.* 
Hit in 1000, 187. Hit by 1000, 208. 

» 14 W. R., 646-648 ; 18 W. K., 965. < 27 W. E., 940 ; 13 W. R., 595, 597, 599. 
> 16 W. R., 180, 225. * 16 W. R., 568, 648, 730, 738, 739. 

KICHMOND, KT., AUGUST 29, 30, 1862. 

UinON ABMT. 

Manson's command * 6,500 <» 

Killed, 206. Wounded, 844. Total, 1050. Missing, 4,303.» 
Hit in 1000, 161. Hit by 1000, 69. 

CONFEDEBATE iuKMT. 

Churchill's and Cleburne's divisions * 6,000 "^ 

Scott's cavalry brigade *850'* 

Total engaged 6,850 

" 22 W. R., 915. >> 22 W. R., 909. ' 23 W. R., 777. "^ 22 W. R., 9.38. 

^ Estimated at 370 per regiment, the average in the divisions above, for 14J 
regiments, including lOtb Looisiana, hut not the rest in Starke's brigade, which 
are included in the numbers given for the divisions above. 

^ Estimated by the average strength of regiments in Evans's and Lawton's 
brigades. (See, also, 20 W. R., 591-593.) 

^ 85 per cent, of the present for duty July 20, the number of reg^iments being 
the same in August. 

* This includes the few lost on the Rappahannock. See 16 W. R., 597, 720. 

' It is probable that these were the number of " effectives." 

' General Smith's statement, that his whole force " was not more than 5000," 
apparently does not include the cavalry. 



90 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Killed, 78. Wounded, 372. Total, 450. Missing, 1.' 
Hit in 1000, 66. Hit by 1000, 153. 
• 22 W. R., 936. 

SOUTH MOUNTAIN, SEPTEMBER 14, 1862. 

imiON A£HY. 

Ist and 9th corps, present for duty September 17, 

18G2 '28,675- 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 26,667 

Losses September 14 J 813 t> 

Total engaged 28,480 

Killed, 325. Wounded, 1403. Total, 1728. Missing, 85.= 
Hit in 1000, 68. Hit by 1000, 66. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Present for duty September 22, in D. H. Hill's, 

Hood's, and Jones's divisions, and Evans's brigade 12,284 '* 
Bosser's cavalry and Jeff Davis legion, estimated at 700 "* 

12,984 
Deduct Toombs's brigade and 11th Georgia volunteers 

(^ of Jones's division) 733 

12,251 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 11,393 

Losses reported September 14-20 5,821 ' 

17,214 
Captured at South Mountain, not reported, about . '1,500-'^ 

Total effectives September 14 '18,714 

» 27 W. R., 67. (See, also, 28 W. R., 336.) » 27 W. R., 187. ' 27 W. R., 
187. " 27 W. R., 804, 808-810, 839, 1020 ; 28 W. R., 621, 674. « 27 W. R., 
843, 1026. / 27 W. R., 418. 

• That this number represents the present for duty is indicated by the fact 
that the sum of the present for duty September 20, and the losses September 
17-20, is only 27,910 (28 W. R., Sm-, 27 W. R., 187, 191, 198). 

^ Probably some of the wounded not reported are included in this number 
(27W. R., 111). 

' The reports of the action by the commanders of all the infantry, excepting 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 91 

Based upon the return of July 20, the number is about 700 less, 
as follows : — 

Present for duty July 20 in D. H. HiU's,* Jones's,* 

and Whiting's divisions 17,157 c 

Pickett's, Kemper's, and Jenkins's brigades ' . . . 4,257 * 

Evans's brigade 2,200 • 

9 batteries (450) and Rosser's cavalry (700) esti- 
mated at 1,440-' 

25,054 
Deduct Toombs's brigade and 11th Georgia volun- 
teers, 55 per cent, of Jones's division 2,048 

Present for duty July 20 23,006 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,395 

Deduct losses in August 3,543 * 

Total engaged 17,852 

Killed, 325.' Wounded, 1560. Total, 1885.' Missbg, »800.' 
Hit in 1000, 105. Hit by 1000, 97. 

» 14 W. R., 645. * 14 W. R., 645, 649 ; 27 W. R., 805. • 27 W. R., 940. 
> 27 W. R., 809, 810, 817, 1020 ; 28 W. R., 674. * 16 W. R., 561, 56?. ' 27 
W. R., 181, 418. 

Law's and Jenkins's brigades, state the nomber of men in action at 9351 (27 
W. R., 885, 888, 901, 903, 905, 929, 940, 1020, 1022 ; 16 W. R., 637, 638). Esti- 
mating Law's and Jenkins's brigades at 1271, the cavalry and artillery at 1150, 
and the officers at 1748, 7.6 per cent, of the present for duty, July 30, a total 
of 13,400 is reached. For reasons stated below, in connection with Antietam, 
the number 18,714, above given, is here adopted. 

^ The gain of Drayton's brigade by Jones's division is assmned to offset the 
loss of Wise's brigade from Hill's. 

* Estimated at i of Longstreet's division. 

8 About 700 were reported killed and wounded in 7 brigades and 8 regiments 
(27 W. R., 843, 1026). The reports of the other commands do not give the loss 
for South Mountain alone, but give a loss of 2159 killed and wounded at South 
Mountain and Antietam. All but Ripley's brigade seem to have been hotly 
engaged at South Mountain (27 W. R., 843, 1026), and, in view of General 
MeClellan's statement that the Confederate outnumbered the Union dead, 325 
is adopted as the number of dead, and the wounded are estimated at the usual 
proportion of 4.8. Probably the actual loss was greater. It is estimated that 
700 of the 800 prisoners were wounded. 



92 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
ANTIETAM, SEPTEMBER 16, 17, 1862. 

UKION ABHT. 

Present for duty ex. Morell's division • '87,164" 

EfiFectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

85 per cent, of cavalry 75,316 

Killed, 2108. Wounded, 954^ Total, 11,657. Missing, 753.» 
Hit in 1000, 155. Hit by lOo))', 156. 

CONFEDERATE AKMT. 

Present for duty September 22 in infantry 

and artillery 37,330" 

Deduct jV °f ^- P- Hill's division and of its 

losses September 17-20 for Thomas's brigade 832 ■* 
-^ of Jackson's division and its losses for 2d 

Virginia 166 • 

J of 11th Georgia 140-^ 

^ of reserve artillery 456 ' 1,594 

35,736 
Cavalry, October 10 5,761 * 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry 

and 93 per cent, of remainder 38,120 

Losses September 17 13,724 

Total engaged 51,844 ' 

« 27 W. R., 67, 338. '> 27 W. R., 200. <^ 28 W. R., 621. ■* 27 W. R., 807, 
981, 983. « 27 W. R., 808, 1008, 1011. / 27 W. R., 911, 912. » 27 W. R., 
830; 28 W. R., 660. * 28 W. R., 660. 

1 Morell's diriBion, although present, was not engaged, and had no influence 
on the result. 

'^ About 23,000 in 6th corps and Sykes's division here iuclnded did not open 
fire in line of battle. 

' Based upon the returns for July and August, the number of effectives ap- 
pears to be about 7000 greater, as follows : — 

Present for duty in Army of Northern Virginia July 20 ... . * 57,476 

In Jackson's corps, ex. Lawton's brigade, August 9, Jackson's 
division, ex. 2d Virginia, estimated at ^ of Ewell's division . . * 11,488 

Present for duty July 15 in Ransom's and Walker's brigade ... ' 5,971 

6 regiments of cavalry, estimated at J of Stuart's cavalry .... * 2,200 

77,135 

> 14 W. R., 646, M8. « Ant«, p. 83. » 9 W. B., 476 ; 27 W. B., 806. • 27 W. E., 810 ; 14 
W. R., 646, 662. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 93 

KiUed, 2700.» Wounded, 9024.» Total, 11,724. Missing, about 
12000/ 

Hit in 1000, 226. Hit by 1000, 225. 
- 27 W. K., 67, 111. 

Dedact ^ of A. P. Hill's division for Thomas's brigade . . 1 1,639 

Deduct J^ of reserve artillery * 1,341 

Deduct llth Georg:ia « 140 3,120 

74,015 
1 Effectives at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93 per cent, of re- . 

mainder 68,333 

Effectives in Evans's and Lawton's brigades Angnst 1 . . * 5,133 

1 73,466 

Losses August 1-September 15 ' 14,182 

Effectives September 15 59,284 

(It is assumed that the gain of Drayton's brigade offsets the loss of Wise's.) 
The loss of 7000 effectives between August 1 and September 22 may be 
accounted for in stragglers. General Lee wrote, September 13 (28 W. R., 
605) : " I have received as yet no official list of the casualties in the late battles, 
and, from the number of absentees in the army and the vice of straggling, a 
correct list cannot be obtained. . . . One great embarrassment is the reduc- 
tion of our ranks by straggling, which it seems impossible to prevent with our 
present regimental officers. Our ranks are very much diminished — I fear 
from one half to one third of the original numbers — though I have reason to 
hope that our casualties in battles will not exceed ."JOOO men." General D. H. 
Hill also bitterly complained of the straggling (27 W. R., 1022). 

In his report of Antietam General Lee said : " This great battle was fought 
by less than 40,000 men on our side " (27 W. R., 151). This statement would 
imply that, besides the 3120 above deducted, 19,000 of the 59,000 effectives in 
July had left the ranks. It is not credible that this number had straggled, 
and it is not reconcilable with the returns of September 22. It is probable 
that General Lee founded his statement on the numbers given in the reports 
of his subordinates. They give the number of 35 infantry brigades as 23,000 
to 24,000 (27 W. R., 862, 886, 919, 929, 948, 968, 981, 1008, 1022, 1023). If 
Walker's, Law's, Pender's, and Field's brigades, whose numbers are not given, 
•were of the average strength of the others, General Lee may have arrived 
at about the number given by him, by adding about 2000 officers, 3200 for the 
61 batteries engaged, and 6000 for the cavalry. But the reports of his sub- 
ordinates were written from one to several months after the battle, and in 
most of them the statements of numbers are qualified by " about," " not over," 
or " less than," which indicate that they are estimates made after the battle, 
rather than the records of roll-calls on the field. The failure of these reports 
to notice many of those lost in the battle confirms this view. 

' The Confederate reports give for all the actions in Maryland 1787 killed, 

>27W. R., 981. >27W. K., 830. > 27 W. B., 911, 912. • Ante, p. 89. eZTW. R., 861; 
ante, pp. 87, 89, 91. 



94 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
CORINTH, OCTOBER 3, 4, 1862. 

UNION AKMT. 

Present for duty September 30, 1862 23,077 <■ 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 21,147 

KiUed, 355. Wounded, 1841. Total, 21%. Missing, 324." 
Hit in 1000, 104. Hit by 1000, 117. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT. 

" Field returns," September 28, 1862, about .... 22,000 ^ 
Killed, 473. Wounded, 1997. Total," 2470. Missing,' 1763." 
Hit in 1000, 112. Hit by 1000, 100. 

" 25 W. R., 240. !■ 24 W. K., 176. ' 24 W. R., 378. '' 24 W. R., 382-384, 
S07, 403, 413. 

©147 wounded (27 W. R., 811 et seq., 843, 958, 1026, 824-827, 8S8). Deduct- 
ing r)87 killed, 2323 wounded in the otlier actions, including i the total loss 
in Maryland for Mahone's brigade at Cramptou's Gap (ante. p. 91 ; 27 W. R., 
376, 824-827, 838, 843, 861), there remain for Antietam 1200 killed and 6824 
wounded. The ratio of wounded to killed (about 5.7) exceeds the average ratio 
(4.8), and the ratio in the Union losses in this battle (4.5), so much as to leave no 
doubt that the reports are incomplete. Besides, it is impossible to believe that 
52,000 men, all hotly engaged, on one side lost only 8024 killed and wounded, 
while 64,000 men on the other side (not counting Sykes's and Slocum's divisions 
and Brooks's brigade) lost 11,472, when neither side fought behind works or 
had the advantage of cover. The number of Confederate dead cannot be 
placed at less than the number counted and buried on the field (27 W. R., 67) ; 
and to the number of wounded reported there must be added the number left 
on the fiehl and not reported. (See 27 W. R., 1025.) There were 2.")00 left on 
the tliree battlefields, of whom 300 were left at Crarapton's Gap (27 W. R., 370). 
Those left at South Mountain having been allowed for (ante. p. 91) in the num- 
ber above deducted, the remainder, 2200, is to be added to the 6824 reported 
for Antietam, making a total of 9024. The ratio of this number to the 2700 
killed is too small, and it is probable that, to correspond to the ratio on the Union 
side, tlie number of wounded should be increased to 12,000. In the fierce fire 
and rapid movements of this battle, many left the ranks with wounds, unnoticed, 
to be afterwards counted among the stragglers (see 27 W. R., 1025), and it is 
possible that, pursuant to the policy afterwards established in general orders 
(40 W. R., 798), the slightly wounded were, for political and military reasons, 
not reported. 6000 prisoners were taken by tlie Union army in Maryland (27 
W. R., 67). Deducting ISOO taken at South Mountain and Crampton's Gap 
(27 W. R., 376, 418), and 2200 additional wounded, there remain 2000 prisoners 
to be connted as missing on the Confederate side at Antietam. 

' 21 killed and 84 wounded were reported for Hatchie's bridge, October 5, 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 95 

PERETVILLE, OCTOBER 8, 1862. 
UiaON ABMT. 

Present for duty « 39,721- 

Eflfectives estimated at 93 per cent 36,940 

KiUed, 845. Wounded, 2851. Total, 3696. Missing, 515." 
Hit in 1000, 100. Hit by 1000, 85. 

CONFEDEBATK ARMY. 

Effectives, about " 16,000 ' 

Killed, 510. Wounded, 2635. Total, 3145. Missing, 251. 
Hit in 1000, 196. Hit by 1000, 231. 

" 22 W. R., 1026 et seq., 1059 ; 23 W. R., 563. «■ 22 W. R., 1036. ' 22 
W. R., 1092. 

PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK., DECEMBER 7, 1862. 
ONION ABHT. 

Army of the Frontier ' 10,000 » 

Killed, 175. Wounded, 813. Total, 988. Missing, 263. " 
Hit in 1000, 99. Hit by 1000, 98. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT. 

1st corps trans-Mississippi army * 10,000 "^ 

'•32W. R., 76. »32W.R., 86. -^ 32 W. R., 140. 

in 3 out of 4 brigades ; but as 32 dead were bnried there, this number, with 153 
for the usnal proportion of wounded, and 420 prisoners taken at the same 
place, are deducted from the totals given in the returns for October 3-5. 

' Five per cent, added for officers to number of enlisted men in 10th division. 
To the strength of the 3d corps. October 21, is added the loss October 8. Six 
brigades of this corps suffered little loss, and apparently did not open fire. If 
these were deducted, the number engaged would be reduced to less than 25,000, 
of whom about 150 in 1000 were hit. 

^ General Bragg must have counted only effectives, as the infantry present 
for duty numbered at least 15,300. (See 22 W. R., 1120 ; 23 W. R., 900, With- 
er's division, which was absent, excluded.) 

^ General Blunt reported that .3000 of the cavalry were not engaged (p. 
76), but they are here included because they seem to have been present in the 
field. The Army of the Frontier, November 30, had present for duty 13,175 
(32 W. R., 795), consisting of 12 regiments of infantry, 1 of which was de- 
tached, 7 batteries, 1 1 regiments of cavalry, and 1.50 of Missouri militia (pp. 
84-86). Effectives, reckoned at 93 per cent, of infantry and artillery, and 85 
per cent, of cavalry, would be about 11,0(X) ; but the 2d and 3d divisions, by 
forced marches, had been reduced from 75.34 to about 5100 (pp. 72, 107, 108). 

* Possibly 700 to 1000 should be added for officers. 



96 A^UifBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Killed, 164. Wounded, 817. Total, 981. Missing, 336.'' 
Hit in 1000, 98. Hit by 1000, 99. 

" 32 W. R., 142. 

FREDERICKSBURG, DECEMBER 13, 1862. 

CTIION ABUT. 

Present for duty in 3 grand divisions and engineers 120,281 " 
Deduct cavalry of right and centre grand divisions . 6,294 ^ 

Engaged 113,987 

EfiEectives estimated at 93 per cent 106,007 

KiUed, 1284. Wounded, 9600. Total, 10,884." Missing, 1769.'^ 
Hit in 1000, 103.> Hit by 1000, 44. 

CONFEDEBATE ABMT. 

Present for duty » 78,513'' 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 73,017 

Deduct Hampton's cavalry 520 « 

Engaged ''72,497 

KiUed, 595. Wounded, 4061. Total, 4656. Missing, 653. 
Hit in 1000, 64. Hit by 1000, 150. 

31 W. R., 1121. » 31 W. R., 220, 984, 1121. c31W. R., 142. ''31W. R., 
1057. ' 31 W. R., 544, 690. 

CHICKASAW BAYOU AND BLUFF, DECEMBER 27,29,1862. 
CKION ARMY. 

Present for duty in A. J. Smith's, M. L. Smith's, 

Morgan's, and Steele's divisions 33,033 " 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent '30,720 

Killed. 208. Wounded, 1005. Total, 1213. Missing, 563." 
Hit in 1000, 39. Hit by 1000, 6. 

» 24 W. R., 602, 604. ' 24 W. R., 625. 

1 9080 were killed and wounded in 11 of the IS divisions, or 157 to 1000. 

'^ If Jones's cavalry brigade is included in the present for duty, a deduction 
probably of about 2400 should be made from the number engaged, as this 
brigade was in the Shenandoah valley (31 W. K., 544 and note, and 1075). 

» The 1 18th and 13l8t Illinois seem to have been detached (24 W. R., 627, 
644). If they were, about 5 per cent, should probably be deducted on this 
account. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 97 

C0K7EDEBATE ABMT. 

Effectives, January 3, 1863, in M. L. Smith's com- 

mancP 9.807' 

Effectives, January 2, 1862, in Vaughn's and Bar- 
ton's brigades 3,778' 

Losses, December 27-30, stated below 207 

Total engaged 13,792 

Killed, 63. Wounded, 134. Total, 197.'^ Missing, 10.'' 
Hit in 1000, 14. Hit by 1000, 88. 

c 25 W. K., 824, 825 ; 24 W. B., 666, 673-679. "i 24 W. R., 674. 

stone's BIVEK, DECESIBEE 31, 1862, JANTJAEY 1, 1863. 
tnnoif AEMY. 

Present for duty « 44,800° 

Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 41,400 

KiUed, 1677. Wounded, 7543. Total,' 9220." Missing,' 3686." 
Hit in 1000, 223.' Hit by 1000, 223. 

CONFEDBBATE ABMT. 

Present for duty 37,712 ■= 

Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 34,732 

Killed, 1294. Wounded, 7945. Total, 9239." " Missing, about 
2500.'' 

Hit in 1000, 266.* Hit by 1000, 265. 

« 29 W. E., 175-182, 201 ; 30 W. E., 283-285. » 29 W. R., 215. ' 29 W. E., 
674. '' 29 W. R., 229, 669, 674. 



1 Including Gregg's brigade. 

2 Including Walker's brigade, estimated at ^ of Fry's division, and Stark- 
weather's brigade, estimated at { of Rousseau's division. These brigades are 
not included in General Rosecrans's recapitulation (29 W. R-, 201), but they 
participated in the battle. (29 W. R., .393, 442, 443.) 

* To arrive at these figures deduction is made from the totals given in 29 
W. R., at page 215, of 53 for the killed and 259 for the wounded in minor com- 
bats at other places. See 29 W. R., 207, note, 218, 219, 409, 465. 

* Not counting Pegram's brigade, the loss of which is not reported. 



98 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

ARKANSAS POST, JANUARY 11, 1863. 
UNION ABMT. 

Army of the Mississippi, January 4, 1863, effectives ' 28,944 " 
Killed, 134. Wounded, 898. Total, 1032. Missing, 29.' 
Hit in 1000, 36. Hit by 1000, 4. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of the number 

surrendered, plus the loss in killed and wounded . ' 4,564 ' 
Killed, 28. Wounded, 81. Total, 109.' Missing (captured), 
4791.' 

Hit in 1000, 24. Hit by 1000, 226. 

" Ante, p. 96. '■ 24 W. R., 719. ' 24 W. R., 757, 785, 795. 
CHANCELLOKSVILLE AND FREDERICKSBURG,' MAT 1-4, 1863. 

CinON ARMY. 

Present for duty * 104,891 » 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and 

infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry 97,382 

Killed, l.'')7o. Wounded, 9.594. Total, 11,116." Missing, 5676.» 
Hit in 1000, 114. Hit by 1000, 110. 

CONTISDEBATE ARH7. 

Present for duty May 20 « 48,080 = 

40 W. R., .320. ' 39 W. R., 185, 191, 177, note. ' 39 W. R., 789-794, and 
notes ; 40 W. R., 814. 

1 The number of effectives engfaged at Chickasaw Bluff, less losses there. 

- General ChnrchiU reported that he had about .3000 effectives, but the com- 
manders of two brigades report at least 3190 enlisted men (24 W. R., 780, 783, 
791), and Dimnington's brigade is to be added. 

' The two actions are treated as one. The disposition of the Confederate 
forces in each field was affected by the presence of the Union force in the other 
field, and a part of the Confederates fought in one and then in the other field- 
The Confederate losses in both fields are consolidated in the War Records. 

* 2d, ."ith, 6th, llth, and 12th corps, Pleasonton's brigade, estimated at ^ of 
the cavalry corps, and 4 batteries of the 1st corps, the only part of it eng-iged 
before the battle was decided. The corps arrived on the field of Chancellbrs- 
ville May 3, and. excepting these batteries, was not engaged (30 W. R., 2.>.5). 

' Excluding Hood's and Pickett's divisions, and all the cavalry except one 
brigade, estimated at -^ of the whole. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 99 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and 

infantry and 85 per cent, of cavalry 44,588 

Losses May 1-4 > - 12,764 " 

Total engaged 57,352 

Killed, 1665. Wounded, 9081. Total, 10,746.i Missing, 2018.' 
Hit in 1000, 187. Hit by lOHO, 194. 

■* Keg. Losses, 550. ' Reg. Losses, 550. 

CHAMPION HILL, MAT 16, 1863. 

UKION ASKY. 

Present for duty April 30 » 33,286" 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 30,955 

Deduct losses May 1, 12, and 14 1,582 " 

Effectives May 16 ' 29,373 

Killed, 410. Wounded, 1844. Total, 2254.' Missing, 187.' 
Hit in 1000, 76.= Hit by 1000, 74. 

CONTEDEBATi: ABMT. 

Effectives about '20,000" 

" 38 W. R., 249. » .36 W. R., 585, 706, 751. '= 37 W. R., 10. <« 36 W. R., 
217, 261, 2&4 ; 38 W. R., 702, 703, 705. 

1 For detaUed losses see 39 W. R., 809, 816, 820. 895, 906, 918, 926, 937, 947, 
1002, 1008, 1015, 1030, 10.33, 1039. 

^ The divisions of Osterhaus, A. J. Smith, Hovey, Carr, Logan, Crocker, and 
Blair, less 4 regiments estimated at ^ of the first two named (37 W. R., 12, 
30 ; 38 W. R., 250). 

8 General Grant said that the battle was fought mainly by Hovey's, Logan's, 
and Crocker's divisions (36 W. R., 53), whose effective strength was 15,390, 
and loss in kUled and wounded 141 in 1000 ; but the other divisions, although 
suffering small loss, materially influenced the disposition of the Confederates. 

* Stevenson's, Bowen's, and Loring's divisions and Wirt Adams's cavalry. 
General Pemberton places his force at 17,500 ; but the returns of March 31 
give 22,198 as present for duty in these divisions, and the loss in action in May 
was 868 (38 W. R., 702 ; 36 W. R., 668), and other returns in May and June 
show that there were present for duty May 10 at least 22,500 (38 W. R., 819, 
907 979 ; 37 W. R., 120; 36 W. R., 320). It therefore is probable that the 
number given by General Pemberton included only the men bearing muskeU. 
Adding 8 per cent, for officers, 500 for Wirt Adams's cavalry regiment, and 600 
for 13 "batteries (38 W. R., 703-705), brings the number to 20,000. 

L.ofC. 



100 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

KiUed, 381. Wounded, about 1800.' Total, 2181.' MUsing,' 
1670.« 
Hit in 1000, 109. Hit by 1000, 112. 

« 37 W. R., 82, 86, 93, 99, 120. 

ASSACXT ON VICKSBURG, MAY 22, 1863. 

UNION ARMY. 

93 per cent, of present for duty May 31, in 13th, 

15th, and 17th corps '42,315'' 

Add losses May 22 »3,241» 

Total engaged * 45,556 

KiUed, 502. Wounded, 2550. Total, 3052.» Missing, 147.« 
Hit in 1000, 67. 

COITFEDEBATB ABMT. 

Effectives in Bowen's division. May 22 2,569 <' 

EflEectives in Stevenson's division, June 23 ... . 8,776 * 

Effectives in Smith's division. May 26 * 4,005-^ 

93 per cent, of present for duty in Forney's division, 

June 25 4,611» 

Losses prior to June 23 in Stevenson's and June 25 

in Forney's division ' 2,340 * 

Total effectives ' 22,301 

Hit by 1000, 137. 

<■ 36 W. R., 55 ; 38 W. R., 370, 371. » 36 W. R., 156 ; 37 W. R., 165. ' 36 
W. R., 156 ; 37 W. R., 165. <* 38 W. R., 907. ' 38 W. R., 979. /38 W. R., 
923. »38W. R., 978. » 37 W. R., 328. 

' The returns give 1017 wounded and 2453 missing. No doubt there were 
many wounded reported as missing, and the number of wounded is computed 
in the usual ratio of 4.8 lo the killed, and the number of missing is correspond- 
ingly reduced. 

" General headquarters, staff, escort, cavalry, and pioneers excluded ; total, 
1673. 

' Including 42 killed and wounded in Hovey's division, not tabulated at 
37 W. R., 16.5. 

* Probably not over 100 should be added for losses May 23-31 (37 W. R., 
161). 

' Officers estimated at 8 per cent, of number of guns. Probably the total 
effectives was larger than the total thus reached, as the inspection report prob- 
ably did not reach men on guard or picket. 

° Estimated at J of the loss during the siege. 

'29,396 were surrendered in July (37 W. R., 325). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 101 
ASSAULT ON POET HUDSON, MAT 27, 1863. 

CKION ABMY. 

Banks's command, effectives 13,000 " 

KiUed, 293. Wounded, 1545. Total, ISSS." Missing, 157." 
Hit in 1000, 141. Hit by 1000, 18. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Gardner's command, effectives May 19, estimated at 

93 per cent, of present for duty May 19 * . . . . 4,326 * 
Deduct losses May 22-26 134 c 

4,192 
Killed and wounded, about ' 235.'' 
Hit in 1000, 56. Hit by 1000, 438. 

« 41 W. R., 44, 47. M2W. K.,10. Ml W. R., 168, 152, 156. <'41W.R., 
147, 169. 

ASSAULT ON PORT HUDSON, JUNE 14, 1863. 

HKION ARMY. 

Columns of attack, about 6,000 " 

Killed, 203. Wounded, 1401. Total, 1604." Missing, 188." 
Hit in 1000, 267. Hit by 1000, 8. 

CONFEDERATE AKMT. 

Present for duty in Gardiner's command, June 14, 

estimated at '3,750 = 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 3,487 

Killed, 22. Wounded, 25. Total, 47."* 
Hit in 1000, 13. Hit by 1000, 460. 

« 41 W. R., 546, 548, 45. !■ 41 W. R., 47. "^ 42 W. K., 10, 98. " 41 W. R., 
147, 175. 

1 The returns are incomplete, and possibly omit the 1st, 11th, 14th, 17th, 
and 18th Arkansas, and some smaller organizations (compare 42 W. R., 10, with 
41 W. R., 143) i but the number surrendered July 8, plus the number killed, is 
almost exactly equaled by the aggregate present in the returns of May 19 
(41 W. R., 55, 144 ; 42 W. R., 10). 

2 Miles's killed and wounded estimated at 10. 

' Estimated at the mean between the numbers shown by the returns of May 
19 and June 30, deducting losses May 22-27, and adding Miles's command to 
the return of June 30. 



102 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR. 
GETTT8BURG, JULY 1-3, 1863. 

UNION ASMY. 

Army of the Potomac, present for duty June 30. 
Infantry and artillery, less 3 brigades of 6th corps' 

(5520) 83,763 <• 

Cavalry 14,973" 

Effectives," infantry and artillery, 77,899 ; cavalry, 

12,727 90,626 

Deduct excess of detachments over additions (706) ' and 

provost and headquarter guards not engaged (1631) * 2,337 * 

Total engaged 88,289 

KUled, 3155.' Wounded, 14,529.' Total, 17,684. 

Missing, 5365.' 
Hit in 1000, 200. Hit by 1000, 256. 

CONTKDERATB ASHY. 

Army of Northern Virginia, 

present for duty. May 31.'' July 20.' July 31/ 

Infantry and artillery .... 64,167 41,692 45,396 

"43 W. R., 151. ' 1 New York at Gettysburg, 103. '43 W. K., 187. ■'40 
W. R., 846. «44W. R.,292. 

' Torbert's, Russell's, and Grant's brig^ades, estimated at ^ 2 of the corps. 
Torbert's was in line on the right of the .^th Corps, July 3d. but as the action 
did not extend to that part of the field on that day, it is deemed proper, at 
least for the calculation ante, pages 64 et seq., to omit this brigade, although 
eleveu of its men were wounded on the picket line. The other two brigades 
being on the left of Round Top were not in the presence of the enemy. 

' Estimated at 93 per cent, of the infantry and artillery, and 85 per cent, of 
the cavalry. 

^ The additions were the 13th, 14th, and 15th Vermont of Stannard's and 
three regiments of Lockwood's brigades, and two companies, which, Colonel 
Fox states, were not included in the return of June 30, as was assumed in the 
Ist edition of this book. The detachments were the Engineer brigade, the 84th 
and 102d Pennsylvania, 4tb New Jersey (seven companies), three batteries, and 
the 8th United States Infantry and 93d New York, of the Provost Marshal Gen- 
eral's comiuand. 

* The remainder (estimated at one half) of the Provost Marshal General's 
command, and 19 companies motioned by Colonel Fox. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES JN THE CIVIL WAR. 103 

Stuart's and Jenkins's cavalry * . 13,492 " 

Effectives (93 and 85 per cent.) . 71,143 50,241 53,686 

Additions after May 31 . . . 7,171 * 

Loss July 1-10, ex. cavalry . . 27,823 ' 27.823 ' . 

78,314 78,064 81,509 

Detachments and June loss » . . 5,034 <« 4,482 ^ 4,782 " 



Total » 73,280 =73,582 "76,727 

Estimate of effectives, July 1-3 . ' 75,000 

Killed, * 3903." Wounded, * 18,735."^ Total, 22,638. Missing, 
* 5425.<^ Hit in 1000, 301. Hit by 1000, 235. 

- 40 W. R., 846 ; 44 W. R., 708 ; 24 So. Hist. Soc. Papers, 340. ' 1 New 
York at Gettysburg, 105, 106 ; 20 W. R., 1086. <= 44 W. R., 346, and note ; 
363, 365, 399, 476, note ; note 4 below. <* 1 New York at Gettysburg, 106 ; 44 
W. R., 336, 399, 713, 714, 719, 770. 

' Colonel Fox and General Lee, 5 So. Hist. Soc., 165, adopt General Rodes's 
statement that Jenkins's brigade numbered 1600 ; but in view of General Stuart's 
statement that it left Virginia with 3800, and of the fact that it was recruited 
late in 1862 for the attractive " local or special service " (see 31 W. R., 1024 ; 
45 W. R., 1069), and had not suffered much, if any, loss in battle, the present 
writer adopts 3200 on Lieutenant Schuricht's statement above cited. 

^ Losses are excluded for Robertson's cavalry brigade, and under July 20 
and 31 are confined to the cavalry. The loth Virginia, estimated at 300, is 
excluded from detachments deducted under July 20, because it was not then 
present (44 W. R., 490). 

' Many who straggled after the battle had not rejoined July 29 (45 W. R., 
1048). 53,286 was the "aggregate present" July 31, against .50,178 July 20. 
The writer estimates the Confederate effectives at 75,000, which is about the 
mean of the two results based on these two returns. 

* 2592 kiUed and 12,700 wounded as per Confederate returns, 6020 wounded 
captured in excess of the 776 reported by Confederates as left, 1131 kUled, 
estimated so as to make the ratio of killed to wounded average 1 to 4.8 (Reg. 
Losses, 22), and 5425 unwounded captured as per Union returns. The Con- 
federate commanders reported that many of the "missing" were doubtless 
killed or wounded. Only 776 wounded were reported as left (44 W. R., 325 
365, 475, 470, 009). It follows that of the 6802 captured wounded, 6026 were 
not included in the Confederate returns as wounded. The fighting was at close 
range. The Confederates were on the offensive. It cannot exaggerate their 
loss in killed to estimate it at 1 to 4.8, as against 1 to 4.6, the ratio on the 
Union side. From the 5425 missing, perhaps 1360 should be deducted for 
those captured by the cavalry after the battle (43 W. R., 994). 



104 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
ASSAULT ON FORT WAGNEB, JULY 18, 1803. 

UmoN AAMT. 

Strong's brigade, present for duty June 30, 1863 3,761 " 
Deduct 212 for 7th Connecticut and 200 esti- 
mated for ai-tillery 412 

Deduct ^ of remainder for Enfants Perdus and 

Co. D, 1st New York engineers 638 950 



2,811 



Present for duty in 6th Connecticut .... 484 ' 
Putnam's brigade June 30, 4 regiments, esti- 
mated 'at 1,920' 

Artillery (7 batteries) estimated at .... 700 

5,915 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 5,500 

Deduct loss July 11 236 

Total engaged 5,264 

Killed, 246. Wounded, 880. Total, 1126."' Missing, 389." 
Hit in 1000, 214.'' Hit by 1000, 32.' 

CONTEDEBATK ARMY. 

Garrison of Fort Wagner and artillery of Battery 

Gregg, about * 1,340 « 

32d Georgia 445-^ 

Total engaged, about 1,785 

<■ 46 W. R.. ,34(5, 359, .361 ; 47 W. R., 7, 8, 9. » 46 W. R., 357. ' 47 W. R., 
7, 8 ; 46 W. R., 346. <* 46 W. R., 210. ' 46 W. R., 76, 77, 431, 376, 373. 
/46 W. R., 77, 449. 

1 This estimate is made by dedncting-, from the 4687 troops on Folly Island, 
484 for the 6th Connecticut, and an estimate of 600 for the artillery, and tak- 
'"ff f; of the remainder for the 7th New Hampshire, 62d and 67th Ohio, and 
100th New York, which constitnted Putnam's bripade. 

^ In the aasaultinp;' column, 246 were hit in 1000. 

' It is assnmed that 14 of the 28 hit by the bombardment were struck by the 
naval projectiles. (.See 46 W. R., 418.) 

* The .'.Ist North Carolin,a numbered at least 474 (46 W. R., 4.54), and the 
3l8t North C.-iroIina 412, if it was of the average strength of Clingman's 
brigade (45 W. R., 946,947). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 105 

Killed, 36. Wounded, 133. Total, 169.' » Missing, 5." 
Hit in 1000, 95. Hit by 1000, 631. 
»46W. R., 406. 

CmCKAMAUGA, SEPTEMBER 19, 20, 1863. 

UNION ABMT. 

Army of the Cumberland, infantry and artillery pre- 
sent for duty September 10 ' 57,373 » 

22d Michigan, 69th and 89th Ohio 1,391 

58,764 
Deduct 2 brigades and 5 regiments,' estimated at . . 4,845 ' 

Total engaged 53,919 

Cavalry, ex. Lowe's brigade 9,504 <■ 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry * 58,222 

Killed, 1657. Wounded, 9756. Total, 11,413.« Missing, 4757.'' 
Hit in 1000, 196. Hit by 1000, 292. 

CONFEDEBATE ABMT. 

Army of Tennessee, infantry and artillery present for 
duty August 20 « 33,195 ' 

« 50 W. R., 169. ' 50 W. R., 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, and notes. <= 50 W. R., 
169 and note e. "^ 50 W. R., 179. ' 53 W. R., 519. 

^ In the assanlting colamn. 246 were Iiit in 1000. 

' Consisting of the 14th, 20th, 21st, and reserve corps, less Cobnm's brigade 
of 1987 (50 W. R., 169, note rf). 

« 9th Michigan and 38th Ohio, estimated at -^^ of 14th corps = 898, Post's 
brigade and 39th Indiana, estimated at ^5 of 20th corps = 1720, and Wag- 
ner's brigade, 21st Kentucky, 5 companies of 1st Kentucky, and 110th Illinois 
battalion, estimated at -^ of 2l8t corps = 2227. 

* Probably about 200 should be deducted for non-effectives in 6 regiments 
of infantry serving mounted. 

' Including losses in skirmishes, September 21, 22 (50 W. R., 169, note). 

< Excluding general headquarters and provost guard. 



106 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 30,871 

Effectives in Breckinridge's and Preston's divisions, 

Walker's corps, and Gregg's and McN air's brigades ' 15,253 •'' 
Effectives of Longstreet's corps, estimated at 93 per 

cent, of 6390 ' present for duty 5,942 ' 

Effectives in cavalry, estimated at 85 per cent, of 

11,018 present for duty 9,365* 

Effectives in Pegram's cavalry division, estimated at 

85 per cent, of 5759 present for duty .... 4,895 •' 

Total engaged 6(),326 

KiUed,2312. Wounded, 14,674. Total, 16,986.«-' Missing, 1468.> 
Hit in 1000, 259. Hit by 1000, 172. 

/ 51 W. R., 197, 202, 420, 243, 497, 501. » 51 W. R., 291 ; 49 W. R., 681- 
683. * 53 W. R., 518. ' 35 W. R., 945, 940. > Reg. Losses, 551. 

CHATTAKOOGA, NOVEMBER 2S-25, 1868. 

UNIOK ARMY. 

Present for duty in 4tli,^ 11th, 14th, 15th, and 17th 

corps and artillery reserves 63,010 " 

Deduct 17 regiments ' 5,139 " 

57,871 

" 55 W. R., 12, 13. » 55 W. R., 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, notes. 

' These forces joined the Army of Tennessee after August 20. (Compare 51 
W. R., U-20, with 53 W. K., 515-518, 578, 591, 692 ; 35 VV. R., 945, 940.) 

" The number present for duty is estimated proportionately to the number of 
regiments at if^jf of Hood's and McLaws's divisions. General Longstreet's 
estimate of .'>0<)0 as the number carried into action (Manassas Ut Appomattox, 
p. 458) probal>ly omits officers, and perhaps assumes that Jenkins's brigade, 
which joined Hood's division September 11, was included in the return of 
August 31. General Longstreet's estimate (p. 4.58) of 59.'242 as the number 
engaged September "20 omits the troops from Buckner's command. 

^ Probably the losses of 13th, %3d, and 1.54th Tennessee are not included, aa 
they are not stated in the reports contained in tlie War Records. 

* Ex. corps headquarters (318) and Ist brigade and artillery reserve, Ist 
division. 4tli corps (i.'in'i) (."iS W. R., 1'2 and note). 

* 3()th. Slst, and S4th Indiana, 1 15th Illinois, and 77th Pennsylvania, estimated 
at fy of 4th corps (IS")*!), 3d brigade, 1st division ; 14th Michigan, 3d Ohio, and 
18th Kentucky, estimated at J j:| of 14th corps (34S5) ; and 15th Michigan, esti- 
mated at ^ of 15th corps (298). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 107 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 53,820 

Effectives in 2d division, 12th corps * 2,539 « 

Total engaged 56,359 

KUled, 753. Wounded, 4722. Total, 5475.'' Missing, 349.'' 
Hit in 1000, 97. Hit by 1000, 44. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT. 

Present for duty, infantry and artillery, October 31, 

Army of Tennessee * 35,720 ' 

Present for duty in Moore's brigade, and 8 regiments 

from Buekner's division * 3,223/ 

Present for duty in Buckner's division artilleiy, esti- 
mated at 255 ' 

Present for duty in Stevenson's division, infantry and 

artillery, December 10 5,691 



K 



44,889 
Deduct Johnson's brigade (2 regiments) and 4l8t 

Alabama ' 879 * 

44,010 

' 55 W. K., 390. << 55 W. R., 88. ' 55 W. R., 650 ; 56 W. R., 615 et seq. 
/ 55 W. R., 658, 659, note. " 55 W. R., e-jfi, 659, note. * 55 W. R., 6.57 ; 56 
W. R, 783. • 56 W. R., 618 ; 55 W. R., 659, note. 

' The memorandum of troops engaged (55 W. R., 14) omits 2d division, 14th 
corps. It is here included, because it was in the presence of the enemy. K it 
should be excluded, it would reduce the number engaged to about 51,000. 

* Including the few casualties November 26 and 27 (55 W. R., 80, note). 

' Ex. Hood's, McLaws's, and Buckner's divisions, and the corps staffs ; 
also J of Longstreet's artillery (estimated at 750), of which 3 batteries remained 
with Walker's division (50 W. R., 620; 55 W. R., 600). Gregg's brigade was 
distributed in Bate's, Maney's, and Smith's (56 W. R., ()85). 

* Moore's brigade was not included in the organization of October 31. There 
were eight regiments transferred after October 31 from Buckner's division to 
Reynolds's, Jackson's, Lewis's, and the Florida brigades. They were the 58th 
North Carolina, .54th and 03d Virginia, OSth Georgia, 5th Kentucky, 6th and 
7th Florida, and 1st Florida cavalry. These regiments are estimated at 293, 
the average strength per regiment of the rest of the infantry. 

<■ Two regiments of Johnson's brigade transferred from Stewart's division, 
and the 41st Alabama from Breckinridge's division to Buckner's division, after 
October 31, were absent with Backner, and are above estimated at the average 
of 293 per regiment. 



108 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

EfiEectives estimated at 93 per cent 40,929 

Losses in Stevenson's division, November 24, 25 380 •' 

Present for duty October 31, in 17^ regiments ' 

cavalry 5713 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent 4,856 

Total engaged 46,165 

KiUed, 361. Wounded, 2160. Total, 2521. Missing, 4146. * 
(Not including Reynolds's brigade or cavalry, for which there are 
no returns.) ' 

Hit in 1000, 55. Hit by 1000, 118. 
.* 55 W. R, 724. * Reg. Losses, 551. ' See 55 W. R., 684, 724 

MINE BUN, NOVEMBER 27-DECEMBER 1, 1863. 

UNION ARMY. 

Army of Potomac, infantry and artillery pre- 
sent for duty, November 20, 1863 .... 71,131" 

Deduct general headquarters staff, guards, and 
orderlies, provost guard, signal corps, and en- 
gineers 2015 

Deduct 3d division, 1st corps, estimated at ^| of 
coi-ps 3500 5,515' 

65,616 
Cavalry corps present for duty, except 2 brigades, Ist 

division, estimated at /j of the corps (3000) . . 10,143 " 
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry 69,643 

Killed, 173. Wounded, 1099. Total, 1272.'* Missing, 381." 
Hit in 1000, 18. Hit by 1000, 10. 

OONTEDERATE ABMT. 

Army of Northern Virginia present for duty Novem- 
ber 20. 1863, infantry and artillery 40,748 • 

Cavalry 7,684* 

48,432 
» 4S W. R., 677. " 48 W. R., 677. « 48 W. R., 675-677. ^ 48 W. R., 686. 
• 48 W. R., 82.3. 

* These rcpments do not seem to have been absent with General Wheeler. 
Grigsby's and Davidson's commands seem to have acted with the infantry {!>!i 
W. R., 670, 708). If the rest were not present, about 2400 should be deducted. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 109 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent o£ infantry and 

artillery and 85 per cent of cavalry 44,426/ 

Killed, 110. Wounded, 570. Total, 680.-^ Missing, 65. 
Hit in 1000, 15. Hit by 1000, 28. 

/ 48 W. E., 838, 900, 901 ; Keg. Loagcs, 551. 

OLU8TEE, FLA., FEBKUARY 20, 1864. 

UHION ABMT. 

Seymour's command, effectives, estimated at 93 per 

cent of entire force 5,115" 

Killed, 203. Wounded, 1152. Total, ISSS." Missing, 506. 
Hit in 1000, 265. Hit by 1000, 183. 

CONFBDEBATE AHXY. 

Finegan's command, effectives 5,200' 

Killed, 93. Wounded, 841. Total, 934." 
Hit in 1000, 180. Hit by 1000, 260. 

<» 65 W. R., 288, 298. ''65 W. R., 331, 333. 

PLEASANT HILL, APRIL 9, 1864. 

UKION ABUT. 

Present for duty of 16th ' and 19th " corps .... 12,897 » 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent * 11,994 

Loss April 8 347 » 

11,647 
Cavalry, effectives 1,000 " 

Total engaged 12,647 

Killed, 150. Wounded, 844. Total, 994."' Missing, 375." 
Hit in 1000, 78. Hit by 1000, 79. 

" 61 W. R., 167, 168, 258, 274. » 61 W. R., 263. ' 61 W. R., 459. <* 61 
W. R., 260, 263, 313, 459. 

' Ist and 3d dirisions of 16th corps, ex. * of 1st division (800) deducted for 
.5th Miimegota and 8th Wisconsin, which were not engaged (61 W. R., 321, 322). 

'•' Ist division only. General Banks says that the colored brigade was at 
Pleasant Hill in the morning, but it was not in line, and suffered no logs if it 
was there during the action, and it is therefore not included here. (See 61 W. 
R., 201, 25S, 261.) 

* The "effective strength" returned (61 W. R., 263) was merely the re- 
mainder of the present for duty March 31, after deducting the loss of April 8. 



110 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

CONFEDERATE ABMY. 

Taylor's command, April 8, including Green's cavalry, 

effectives, about 11,000 " 

Churchill's and Farsons's divisions, about .... '4,300'^ 

15,300 
Deduct loss April 8 1,000 » 

Total engaged 14,300 

Killed and wounded, about 1000.' * Missing, 500.* 
Hit in 1000, 70. Hit by 1000, 69. 

= 61 W. R., 4S4. /61 W. R., 563. » 61 W. R., 553. » 61 W. R., 184, 553, 
569. 

WILDERNESS, MAT 5-7, 1864 

UNION ABSIY. 

Present for duty April 30, in 2d, 5th, 6th, and 
9th corps,' and Kitcbing's artillery brig- 
ade 96,507° 

Deduct 35th Massachusetts and 7th Rhode 

Island, estimated at i\j of 9th corps ■* . . 924 ' 

95,583 

Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 88,892 

Cavalry corps, less 4th New York, estimated 

at,V 15,298 <^ 

Effectives, estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 13,003 

Total engaged 101,895 

Killed, 224G. Wounded, 12,037. Total, 14,283. Missing, 3383." 
Hit in 1000, 140. 

« 67 W. R., 198, 285, 287, 915. ' 67 W.R., 131, notes, 113. ^67W.R., 114, 
note, 198. '' 67 W. R., 133. 

* Three hundred U added for ofBceis to the " 4000 bayonets " said to have 
been present. General Smith, in his report of August 28, ^ve the strength of 
these divisions as ."jOOO in March (C.l W. R., 484). 

' In the divisions of Churchill and Parsons, there were 459 killed and 
wounded, and 1 14 missing (61 W. R., 003-60.")). 

' Including only Ist, 2d, and 3d divisions, 9th corps. 

* Including only 2d and 3d corps, artillery and unattached corps, ex. pro- 
vost guard, scouts, guides, and couriers. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 111 

CONFEDERATE AKMT. 

Army of Northern Virginia, April 20, infan- 
try and artillery * present for duty . . . 45,205 ' 

Longstreet's corps,'' March 31, present for 

duty 10,428/ 

R. D. Johnston's brigade,' present for duty • 2,178 e 

57,811 

Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 53,764 

Cavalry present for duty 8,543 * 

Effectives, estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 7,261 



61,025 
For estimate of loss, see note 31 
Hit by 1000, 234. 

« 60 W. R., 1297, 1298. / 59 W. R., 721, 722. e 68 W. R., 97-1 ; 67 W. R., 
1024, 1071 ; 60 W. R., 1297, 1.307. * 60 W. R., 1298. 

1 Includinf^ Law's brigade (returned in Buckner's division), estimated pro- 
portionately to the number of regiments in Field's and Law's divisions at 1270. 

''■ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments and strength of 
Rodes's division. 

' Reports of losses exist for only 70 out of the 182 regiments. These losses 
amount to 1917 killed and wounded (67 W. R., 1062, 1064, 1069, lO'lS, 1091). 
Nearly all of these reports were written long after the battle, and, in view 
of the incessant movement and fighting which followed the Wilderness, it is 
difficult to believe that the casualties were stated in them from actual count. 
They cannot be accepted as correct. The returns of Ewell's corps for April 20 
show that, including R. D. Johnston's brigade, it had about 18,148 effectives. 
General EweU reports a loss of only 12.50, equal to 68 in 1000. His corps was 
hotly engaged on both days, and without doubt suffered at least the average 
loss. The relative strength of the armies was, as above shown, about 6 to 10. 
The fighting was close, each side was alternately on the offensive and defen- 
sive, and the Confederate army lost ground. It is impossible to believe that 
in these circumstances Ewell's corps could have inflicted so great and suffered 
so small a loss. In the battle of Chancellorsville, in the same thickets, the two 
armies, in about the same proportionate strength, contended three days, no more 
fiercely (the first day's fighting was not heavy), and although the Confederates 
gained ground, they lost there and at Fredericksburg (where they occupied 
earthworks) 187 in 1000. It is not credible that in the Wilderness they gave 
ground with a loss of 68 in 1000. As the heaviest losses were probably sus- 
tained in Hill's and a part of Longstreet's corps, it is not extravagant to esti- 
mate the Confederate loss per thousand at the average loss of the Union army 
in these two battles, 127, which would give a total of 7750. 



' 16^50 " 



112 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
8POTT8YLVANIA, MAY 10, 1864, 

ONION ARMY. 

Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 2d corps . . . 28,675" 
Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 40 regiments, Sth 

corps 

Present for duty April 30, 1864, in 12 regiments, 6th 

corps ' 6,012" 

50,937 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 47,371 

Deduct loss, May 5-7 (8297) and May 8, 9 (1252)' . 9,549 "^ 

Total engaged .... 37,822 

Killed, 753. Wounded, 3347. Total, 4100.« 
Hit in 1000, 108. 

67 W. R., 198, 331-333. » 67 W. R., 198, 597 ; Va. Camp., 81. ' 67 W. R., 
198, 667. " Va. Camp., 72. ' Va. Camp., 89. 

The Records do not show the Confederate numbers. 
8POTTSYLVANIA, MAY 12, 1864. 

UNION ARMY. 

Effectives in 2d, 5th, 6th, and 9th corps * . 88,892 • 

Losses May 5-7 16,900 >> 

Losses May 8-10 6,207 23,107* 

Total engaged 65,785 

Killed and wounded, 6020."' Missing, 800." 
Hit in 1000, 91. /<. 

" Ante, p. 110. '67 W. R., 130-133. ' Va. Camp., 72, 89. <* Va. Camp., 105. 

1 3d and 4th divisions and Ist and 2d brigades, 3d division, estimated pro- 
portionally to the number of regiments at JJ of the corps. 

2 Intimated at } of the corps of 48 regiments. 

* Estimated to include JJ of the loss of the 5th corps and } the loss of the 
6th corps. 

♦ The loss of 57th New Tork, 2d Wisconsin, and 79th New York is assnmed 
.to have offset the gain of 35th Ma-^sachusetts and 7th Rhode Island. (See ante, 
p. 110; 67 W. R., 137, 143, 149, notes.) 

' General Humphreys's estimate of the number of killed and wounded of the 
original Army of the Potomac in the combats of May 8-10, 12, and 18, amoont- 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 113 

The Records do not show the Confederate numbers. 

The Confederate loss in prisoners was aboot 4000, and their total 
loss was estimated by Generals Humphreys and Hancock at 9000 
to 10,000 (67 W. R., 337 ; Va. Camp., 106). 

■ The combats of May 5-12 may justly be treated as one battle. 
In this battle the Union army lost 26,815 killed and wounded, and 
4183 missing, or 263 in 1000. Without the cavalry the loss was 
26,302 killed and wounded, or 296 in 1000 (67 W. R., 133 ; Va. 
Camp., 72, 89, 105). 

DREWET'S bluff, mat 12-16, 18M. 

UiaON AEMT. 

Present for duty May 31, 1864, in | of 10th and 

18th corps,' estimated at 12,730 " 

Add losses May 7-31 ^ 4,260 

16,990 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 15,800 

KiUed, 390. Wounded, 2380. Total, 2770.'" Missing, 1390.' 
Hit in 1000, 175. Hit by 1000, 181. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT.'^ 

Present for duty February 29 in Corse's and 

Hoke's brigades 3,358 "* 

Present May 16, 21, in brigades of Barton, 
Johnson, Hagood, Colquitt, and Clingman 7,905" 

Add loss May 16 in Colquitt's and Cling- 

man's brigades 394-' 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of . . 11,657 = 10,841 

69 W. R., 427. » Reg. Losses, 546. ' 68 W. R., 199 et seq. << 60 W. R., 
1201. ' 68 W. R., 234, 241-245, 255 ; 69 W. R., 817. / 68 W. R., 205. 

ing to 13,268 (Va. Camp., 72, 89, 104, 115), falls short of the number given in 
67 W. R., 149, for the casualties May 8-21, by 196. This number may have 
been lost in skirmishes not taken into accoant by him. 

1 1st and 2d divisions 18th corps (20 regiments), Turner's division (9 re^- 
ments), 9 regiments of Terry's and 2 regiments of Ames's division with artillery 
(68 W. R., 36, 48, 50, 81, 13-16). All but one of these regimente were embraced 
in the new organization of these army corps of May 30, numbering 48 regiments. 

2 Loss May 18-31 estimated at 100. Only three of the regiments shared in 
thU loss (G8 W. R., 40; 107 W. R., 1235, 1237), one of them, 39th Illinois, lo^ 
ing 51 May 20 (68 W. R., 13, 48, 49). 



114 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Effectives May 10 in Grade's (1578), May 21 

in Ransom's brigade (1800), plus loss, 205 . . . 3,583 ' 

Effectives estimated in Kemper's brigade ' at 1960, 
and 3d North Carolina and 5th and 7th South 
Carolina cavalry at 720 2,680 * 

Effectives (estimated) in artillery May 21, 850, plus 

losses May 16 (71) 921 * 

Total engaged 18,025 

Killed, 355. Wounded, 1941. Total, 2296.^ Missing, 210 (re- 
ported ).■' 

Killed and wounded in Kemper's and Corse's brigades, estimated 
at 564.- Total, 2860. 

Hit in 1000, 158. Hit by 1000, 154. 

» 68 W. R., 988, 205 ; 69 W. R. 817. * 68 W. R., 901 ; 67 W. R., 1027 ; 60 
W. R., 1298, 1201, 1232, 1299. * 68 W. R., 205 ; 69 W. R., 819. > 68 W. R., 205. 

COLD HARBOR, JUNE 1-3, 1864. 

UNION AHMY. 

Present for duty May 31 in 2d, 5th, 6th, and 9th corps 88,350 " 

Reinforcements June 1 3,727 *' 

W. F. Smith's command 10,000 ' 

102,077 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 94,931 

Cavalry corps, effectives, estimated at 85 per cent, of 

15,266 present for duty 12,976 <* 

Total engaged 107,907 

Killed and wounded, about 12,000.'" 
Hit in 1000, about 111." 

» 60 W. R., 426. » 67 W. R., 87. " 67 W. R., 999. ■' 69 W. R., 426. " 67 
W. R., 180. 

' In the six brigades with which Hoke joined there were 11,000 muskets 
(68 W. R., 991). 

^ In the absence of returns, it is not extravagant to estimate the losses in 
these brigades at the same per cent, aa that of the loss in the rest of the army, 
as they seem to have been hotly engaged (68 W. R., 20.'5, 212, 213). 

* The returns (which inchide the losses of June 1 ; see 07 W. R., 166 note) 
give 10,922 killed and wounded and 1816 missing. General Humphreys (Va. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 115 

y 
PETEKSBDRG, JUNE 15-18, 1864 

UNION ABMY. 

Present for duty May 31 in 2d, 5th, 9th, and 18th 

77 438 a 
corps ' ' '*''° 

21st Pennsylvania cavalry and 4th Delaware . . . 1,453 ^ 

1 78,891 

Effectives, estimated at 93 per cent 73,368 

Deduct losses June 2-15 9,571 

Total engaged 63,797 

Killed and wounded, about 8150.' ° 
Hit in 1000, about 128. 

CONFEDBKATE AKMT. 

Present for duty May 21 in Hoke's division . . . 7,125 ** 

Present for duty May 31 in Grade's brigade . . . 2,517 ' 

Present for duty June 10 in Johnston's division . . 5,035^ 
Present for duty June 30 in Hill's corps, and Field's 

and Kershaw's divisions 23,006 " 

39,683 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 36,905 

Effectives in Dearing's cavalry, estimated at 85 per 

cent, of 1911 present for duty June 10 ... . 1,624 

38,529 

69 W. R., 426, 427 ; 80 W. E., 721. " 67 W. R., 87. -^ 67 W. R., 180. 
<* 09 W. R., 817. « 69 W. R., 861. / 69 W. R., 890. » 81 W. R., 707. 

Camp., 191) Bays that no donbt most of the missing were killed or wounded, 
and on this authority the number as returned is above increased 1078 by esti- 
mate. The number of wounded brought to the field hospitals Jnne 1 and 2 
was 4232 (07 W. R., 24-'3, 244), which indicates that at least 5170 were killed 
and wounded on those days, leaving not over 7000 for the number killed and 
wounded (08 in 1000) in the assault of June .3, which has been commonly 
regarded as much more destructive ; 891-3 wounded were brought to the field 
hospitaU June \-A. (See 07 W. R. 24:1-246.) 

1 The reinforcements June 1, not above included, not exceeding 2274, shonld 
be added if they were assigned to these corps. 

2 Va. Camp., 224. General Humphreys includes only 700 killed and wounded 
in 18th corps. Possibly the number was greater. (See 80 W. R., 214-216, 
237 ; 107 W. R , 209). 



116 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Estimate of loss June 15-18 in Hill's corps and 

Field's and Kershaw's divisions 2,970 ' 

Total engaged, about 41,499 

THE MINE, JULY 30, 1864. 

UNION ABUT. 

Present for duty July 31 in 9th corps 11,240 " 

Present for duty July 31 in 2d division, 10th corps ' 5,295 ' 
Present for duty July 31 in 3d brigade, 1st division, 

18th corps' 1,648-^ 

18,183 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 16,910 

Add losses July 30 3,798'* 

Total engaged 20,708 

Killed and wounded, 2864.^ Missing, < 929." 
Hit in 1000, 138. 

CONFEDEBATE ABHY. 

Present for duty July 10 in Johnston's division . . 6,907-'' 
Present for duty July 10 in Sanders's, Mahone's, and 

Wright's brigade of Mahone's division . . . . ' 3,740 » 

» 82 W. R., 728. » 80 W. R., 698 ; 82 W. R., 737-739. ' 80 W. R., 717 ; 82 
W. R., 737, 730-741. -^ 80 W. R., 249. '80 W. R., 249. /80 W. R., 787 et 
seq. ; 82 W. R., 761. « 80 W. R., 787 et seq. ; 82 W. R., 761 ; 88 W. R., 1217 ; 
Va. Camp., 260. 

' Estimated at the ratio of loss in the Union army. There is no retnm of 
the Confederate loss. General Humphreys says his own observations led him 
to believe they were severe (Va. Camp., 225). 

' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at \\.^ of 10th 
corps. 

' Estimated proportionately to the number of regfiments at jj.5 of 18th 
corps. This brigade engaged the enemy from its intrenchments. 

* General Lee, while reporting only 929 prisoners, asserts that there were 
700 Union dead (80 W. R., 7.j.'!). In view of this, and of the fact that the num- 
ber returned as wonnded does not bear the usual ratio to the number of killed, 
it is assumed that 484 of those returned as " missing " were killed or wounded. 

' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at y of Mahone's 
division. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 117 

Present for duty July 10 in Colquitt's brigade and 

61st North Carolina, of Hoke's division ' . . . . 1,684 * 

12,331 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 11,466 

* 80 W. R., 787, 791 ; 82 W. E., 761 ; 88 W. R., 1227. 
The returns for Johnston's division and Colquitt's brigade give 
619 killed and wounded, and 563 missing. There are no returns of 
casualties for Mahone's division or 61st North Carolina. 

DEEP BOTTOM, AUGUST 14-19, 1864. 
UNION AKMY. 

Present for duty July 31 in 2d corps and 

Gregg's cavalry 19,072 ' 

Present for duty August 31 in 10th corps . 11,228 * 
Add losses August 13-20 in 10th corps . . 1,678 ' 

12,906 

Deduct 5^ for 5 regiments ' 1,898 

Present for duty August 13 11,008 

Total present for duty 30,080 

Effectives August 14, estimated at 93 per cent. . . 27,974 
Killed, 328. Wounded, 1852. Total, 2180. Missing, 721."' 
Hit in 1000, 78. 

C0N7BDERATE AEMV. 

Present for duty August 31 in Field's, Mahone's, 
Wilcox's, Hampton's, and W. H. F. Lee's divisions, 
and Johnson's and Gary's brigades 20,343 ' 

EflEectives estimated at 93 per cent 18,908 

" 82 W. R., 728. ' 88 W. R., 618. « 87 W. R., 120. '' 87 W. R., 121. 
«Va. Camp., 269; 87 W. R., 878, 879; 88 W. R., 1177, 1180, 1189,1213, 
1214. 

^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ^ of Hoke's di- 
vision. 

' Ist brigade, 2d division (4 regiments), was left behind (87 W. R., 99). It is 
assumed tliat, as o7th N. J. (anattached) does not appear in the regiments suffer- 
ing loss, it was not present. 2d brigade, 3d dirision, had been absorbed in 18th 
corps, August 3 (87 W. R., 109). 



118 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Anderson's cavalry and 3 regiments from Pickett's 

division I.IOO-'' 



Engaged 20,008' 

There are no returns of Confederate losses. 

/ 87 W. R., 879 ; 88 W. R., 1177. 

WELDON RAILROAD, AUGUST 18-21, 1864. 

CNION ARMY. 

5th army corps, effectives, August 31 11,382 » 

Loss August 18-21 3,959 » 

1st and 3d division 9th corps, effectives, August 19." 4,948 " 

Total engaged 20,289 

Killed, 198. Wounded, 1105. Total, 1303. Missing, 3152 » 
Hit in 1000, 64. Hit by 1(»00, 59. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Hill's corps, effectives, August 31, estimated at 93 per 

cent, of 13,385 present for duty 12.448 <^ 

Add losses below and August 25 2,339 '' 



14,787 
Killed and wounded, estimated at 1200." Missing, 419." 
Hit in 1000, 81. Hit by 1000, 88. 

" 87 W. R., 39, 432, 589, 590 ; 88 W. R., 616, 617. «■ 87 W. R., 432. ^ 88 
W. R., 1214. ^ 87 W. R., 940. « 87 W. R., 430, 431. 

' To thU should be added the losses August 14-19, of which there is no 
account. 

^ Kstimated at \ of 9th corps. 

' There is no report of the total casualties in the records. In Hagood's brig- 
ade, wh;.'.h took 681 enlisted men into action, 14 killed and 12.j wounded were 
reported, besides those left on the field (87 W. R., 037). General Lee reported 
of the Confederate attack on the 19th that his loss was " believed " to be smaller 
than that of the enemy (p. 851). General Warren reported the capture of 139 
wounded and the burial of 211 Confederate dead (p. 431). Lender these cir- 
cumstances, and in view of the fact that the Confederates attacked vigorously 
on three days and were repulsed on two of them, it seems safe to assume, as 
above, that the wounded were in the average ratio of 4.8 to the 211 killed. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 119 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN, MAY, 1864. 

(Inclading Buzzard's Roost, Snake Creek Gap, and New Hope 

Church.)* 

UNION AKMT. 

Effectives April 30, 1864 m0,123« 

Killed and wounded, 10,528.' Missing,' 1240.» 
Hit in 1000, 96. Hit by 1000, 83. 

CONFIDEBATE ABMT. 

Present for duty April 30, Army of Ten- 
nessee, infantry and artillery, ex. staffs 
and escorts 46,219 = 

Present for duty April 30, Army of Tennes- 
see, cavalry 7,813 « 

Present for duty May 10, in Loring's and 

French's divisions and Sears's brigade . 9,558 "* 

Present for duty May 10 in Jackson's divi- 
sion, cavalry 2,756 ■* 

Present for duty in Reynolds's brigade, 

June 10 *3,042<' 

Present for duty in 40th Mississippi and 

49th Alabama June 10 *650. 

10,569 59,469 
Effectives estimated at 85 percent, of cavalry 

and 93 per cent of infantry and artillery 8,983 55,306 

o 72 W. R., 117. 6 72 W. R., 117 ; 73 W. R., 578, 679, 912 ; 74 W. R., 94, 
96, 402, 404. -^ 74 W. R., 676. ■* 74 W. R., 619, 676, 677, 899, 686, 869, 706; 
75 W. R., 691, 662. ' 74 W. R., 645, 677 ; 75 W. R., 691, 724 

' The returns do not give the casualties for these actions separately. 

^ The namber of effectives given in the returns is adopted, as it is very near 
the number to be arrived at by computing the effectives at the usual per cent, of 
tlie number present for duty May 31 (75 W. R., .S73), plus the casualties in May. 

' This number should probably be slightly increased for losses in minor 
affairs not specified in the returns. The loss in the cavalry of Army of Cum- 
berland is estimated at j the total loss for 4 months. 

* This is the remainder left by deducting 1643 present f<r duty in Cantey's 
brigade April .30 from the number present for duty in the division June 10. 
It is, perhaps, subject to a slight increase for loss prior to June 10. 

^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at J of Loring's di- 
vision, June 10. 



120 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Effectiyes in Mercer's brigade and 37th 

Mississippi '1,800-'' 

Total effectives » 66,089 

Killed and wounded," GIST." 
Hit in 1000, 139. Hit by 1000, 160. 
/ 74 W. E., 614, 676, note ; 75 W. R., 681, 732. » 74 W. R., 686, 687, 949. 

ASSAULT ON KENESAW MOUNTAIN, JUNE 27, 1864. 

UNION ARMY. 

Present for duty June 30 in 2d division, 4th corps, 

and 2d division, 15th corps 7,683 " 

Present for duty June 30 in 1st brigade, 1st division, 

4th corps * 1,757 <■ 

Present for duty June 30 in 2d and 3d brigades, 2d 

division, 14th corps ' 4,418 " 

Present for duty June 30 in 2d brigade, 4th division, 

15th corps • 1,383 " 

15,241 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 14,174 

Casualties June 27, as below 2,051 

Total engaged ' 16,225 

•• 75 W. R., 661, 052 ; 72 W. R., 68, 151, 199, 224, 295, 296, 380, 506, 6;32. 

* This number probably should be increased by about 200 for officers. 

^ General Johnston's estimate of 40,900 effective infantry and artillery, and 
about 4000 cavalry, in the Army of the Tennessee at the opening of the cam- 
paign, apparently omits Martin's division of cavalry, and if so it corresponds 
snbstantially to the above estimate, with officers omitted. 

' This does not include loss in Jackson's cavalry division, for which there is 
no return. In view of loss in Wheeler's cavalry, it probably did not exceed 
100. (See 74 W. R., 949, 61.5, 616). 

* Kstimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ^ of the division. 
^ Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at 5 of the division. 
' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at fj of the division. 
' The attempt here is to state the numbers of the troops that moved out of 

the works, and all here included moved forward in the assault except the 1st 
brigade, 1st division, 4th corps, which only passed out of the works. The loss 
of 100 attributed above to this brigade perhaps was suffered in part by the 
other brigades of same division. The troops on both sides all along the line, 
and the Army of the Ohio in another field far to the right, engaged the enemy, 
but did not take part in the assault. The total loss of the Union farces this 
day waa nearly 3000 (72 W. R., 69). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 121 

Killed and wounded, 1999. Missing, 52." 
Hit in 1000, 123. Hit by 1000, 16. 

COKFEDEKATE ABUT. 

Present for duty June 30 in Cleburne's, Cheatham's, 
and Featherston's divisions, 5 of French's and 
Walthall's divisions,' and J of artillery in Army of 

Mississippi 18,604 "^ 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 17,301 

Losses June 27, as below 432 

Total engaged 17,733 

Killed and wounded, 270. Missing, 172.'' 
Hit in 1000, 15. Hit by 1000, 113. 

!> 72 W. R., 205, 224, 637 ; 74 W. R., 179, 318. ' 74 W. R., 617, 901, 923, 
652, 653, 678. <* 74 W. R., 703, 870. 

TUPELO, MISS., JXJLT 13-15, 1864. 

UinON ABUT. 

A. J. Smith's command, about ' 14,000 « 

KiUed, 77. Wounded, 559. Total, 636." Missing, 38." 
Hit in 1000, 45. Hit by 1000, 95. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

S. D. Lee's command, effectives, about • 6,600 " 

Killed, 210. Wounded, 1116. Total, 1326." 
Hit in 1000, 201. Hit by 1000, 96. 
° 77 W. R., 250, 256. » 78 W. R., 675-677 ; 77 W. R., 322, 329, 324. 

' The reports of GeneraU French and Walthall show that about one half 
their divisions engaged in the repulse. It is not made clear by the reports 
whether all the other Confederate divisions above named opened fire. 

^ The Kecords do not afford the means of determining whether this number, 
as given by General Smith, includes only effectives. 

' General Forrest reported that hw force " did not exceed 5000," but the num- 
ber present for duty June 30, in the three divisions, deducting \ from Chal- 
mers's and \ from Buford's for commands not present, was 6112, and Mabry's 
brigade of 1000 is to be added, besides the artUlery, and about 700 infantry 
reported by General Forrest as present under Lyon. It is to be inferred that the 
5000 reported included only the men present in the cavalry. Adding 900 for 
officers and artillery, and 700 for infantry, gives a total of 6600. 



122 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN TEE CiVIL WAR 
FEACH-TREE CREEK, JULY 20, 1864. 

UinON ABHT. 

Present for duty in 2d division, 4th corps, 20th corps, 

and 1st brigade,' 1st division, 14th corps, . . . 21,655" 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. (ex. 20th corps, 

headquarters) 20,139 

Killed and wounded, about 1600.' 

Hit in 1000, 79. Hit by 1000, 124. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

Present for duty July 10 in Stewart's corps (Army of 

Mississippi) and Walker's and Cheatham's divisions 20,250 " 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 18,832 

Killed and wounded, about 2500.' "^ 
Hit in 1000, 133. Hit by 1000, 85. 

» 72 W. R., 71, 156 ; 75 W. R., 651. «• 72 W. R., 156. ' 74 W. R., 630, 698, 
659,679. ''72W. R., 71. 

ATLANTA, JULY 22, 1864 (HOOD'S ATTACK). 

UNION AKMT. 

Present for duty June 30 in 1st, 2d, and 4th divisions, 

15th corps 12,067- 

Present for duty June 30, left wing 16th corps (ex. 

cavalry and headquarters) * 11,078 " 

Present for duty June 30, 3d and 4th divisions, 17th 

corps* . . . • 9,329<' 

Present for duty June 30, 3d division, 1st brigade,' 

2d division, 23d corps 2.389" 

34.863 
« 72 W. R., 73 ; 73 W. R., 516, 517; 74 W. R., 102. 103, 369, 542, 576 ; 
75 W. R., 663. 

' Bstimatecl proportionately to the iminber of regiments at ^ of the divi- 
sioii = 2792 (72 W. R., 94, 95). 

' Estimated from the number of dead left on the field. General Sherman 
estimated the enemy's loss at nearly .5000. In the absence of the basis for 
this estimate, the writer does not venture to adopt it. 

' Excluding od brigade, 2d division, and 3d brigade, 4th division, vhicb were 
not with the array (72 W. R., 107, lOS, note). 

* ^ deducted for 4.ith Illinois, which was absent (72 W. R., 109, note). 

' Estimated at -^ of 2d division. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 123 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 32,422 

Loss in July prior to 22d ' 1,945 ' 



30,477 
Killed, 430. Wounded, 1559. Total, 1989.' Missing, » 1733. ' 
Hit in 1000, 65. Hit by 1000, 229. 

COITFXDEBATi: ABHY. 

Present for duty July 10 in Hardee's corps . . . 16,537 "* 
Present for duty July 10 in Cheatham's (Hood's) corps 15,492 "* 
Present for duty July 10 in Wheeler's corps . . . 8,409'' 



'40,438 

Effectives estimated at * 36,934 

Killed and wounded, about 7000.' Missing, 1000.' 
Hit in 1000, 190. Hit by 1000, 53. 

!■ 74 W. R., 103, 382, 541, .544. ' 74 W. E., 29. <> 74 W. K., 631, 679. 
« 72 W. R., 75 ; 74 W. E., 28, 29. 

1 Possibly 300 should be added for losses in 23d corps (73 W. R., 704, 721, 
730). 

' The ratio of woniided to killed is less than the nsnal one. Some of those 
reported as missing, perhaps, were wounded or killed. 

' This number should be reduced by the casualties between July 10 and 22 ; 
but as Hardee*s corps was not much eng'aged, and Cheatham's not at all, July 
21, their casualties could not have been many in this period. 

* Estimated at 85 per cent, of Wheeler's corps and 93 per cent, of the re- 
mainder. 

^ There are reports of casualties for only 4 of the 14 infantry brigades en- 
gaged. These reports give 224 killed, 904 wounded, and 315 missing. A 
proportionate loss in the other 10 brigades would make a total of 4648 killed 
and wounded, to which should be added the loss in the cavalry. General Logan 
reported the burial or delivery to the Confederates of over 1900 dead, and 
that his army took 1000 wounded and 1017 unwonnded prisoners (74 W. E., 
28, 29). The usual proportion of wounded would give a total of 10,900 
killed and wounded ; but the usual proportion wounded, including mortally 
wounded, to killed was 2.5 (Reg. Losses, 24). The mean would be about 
8700. General Sherman estimated the Confederate loss at 8000 (72 W. E., 
75.) This estimate is here adopted, and 1000 nnwounded prisoners deducted to 
arrive at the killed and wounded. A lower estimate would not justify General 
Hardee's characterization of the battle as " one of the most desperate and 
bloody of the war " (74 W. E., 699). The fact that the Confederate returns 
for July 31 give only 3219 less present for duty in the two corps than those 
for July 10 (74 W. E., 679, 680) is inexpUcable. 



124 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
ATLANTA, JULY 28, 1864. 

UNION ABMT. 

Present for duty July 31, 1864, in Ist, 2d, and 4th 

divisions, 15th corps 9,227 " 

Present for duty July 31, 1864, in 4 regiments,* 16th 

corps 2,446" 

Present for duty July 31, 1864, in 6 regiments,' 17th 

corps 1,869" 



13,542 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 12,594 

Losses stated below 632 



Total engaged 13,226 

Killed and wounded, 559. Missing, 73.' 
Hit in 1000, 42. Hit by 1000, 310. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

Present for duty July 31 in Lee's (Hood's) corps ' . 12,321 « 
Present for duty July 31 in Walthall's division, Stew- 
art's corps 2,895 



15,216 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. 14,150 

Losses stated below 4,300 



Total engaged 18,450 

Killed and wounded, about 4100.* Missing, 200. <* 
Hi), in 1000, 222. Hit by 1000, 30. 

« 76 W. R., 317, 318; 74 W. R., 41, 569, 685, 386. t> 74 W. R., 105, 456, 
620, 512, 569, 604, (507, 590. <^ 74 W. R., 762, 916, 680, 821. ^ 74 W. R., 42. 

' Estimated at i of left wing. 

* Estimated at ^ of 3d and 4th diviaions. 

' Ex. Stovall's brigade, not enjfaged, estimated at -fj of corps. 

* Estimated from about 7.50 dead. In 7 out of the 14 brigades enga^fed, a loss 
of 2059 was reported (74 W. R., 768, 927). General Sherman estimated the 
lo88 at 5000 (72 W. R., 78) ; General Howard, at 7000 74 (W. R., 42). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 125 
JONESBOROUGH, GA., AUGUST 31, 1864. 

CMON AEMT. 

Present for duty August 31 in 1st, 2d, and 4th di- 
visions, 15th corps 8,725 " 

Present for duty August 31 in 2d division and 3d 

brigade, 4th division,' 16th corps 5,212 " 

Present for duty August 31 in 1st brigade,' 3d di- 
vision, 17th corps 1,300" 

15,237 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 14,170 

Killed and wounded, 179.'' 

Hit in 1000, 13. Hit by 1000, 122. 

CONTEDERATE ARMY. 

Present for duty August 31 in Lee's corps, ex. staff 

and escort 11,533 ' 

Present for duty August 31 in Hardee's corps, ex. staff 

and escort 14,071 



25,604 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. .... 23,811 

Killed and wounded, about ' 1725.'' 
Hit in 1000, 72. Hit by 1000, 7. 

<■ 74 W. R., 45, 391, 554 ; 76 W. R., 743, 744. >> 74 W. R., 110, 391, 570. 
<: 74 W. R., 700, 682, 683. <* 74 W. K., 109, 110, 413. 

' Estimated at \ of division. 

2 Estimated at \ of division. 

' This numljer is reached by adding 1084 as the proportion of wonnded *o 
the 241 reported aa buried, and 400 estimated by General Osterhaus as killed 
and wounded in his front. The larger estimate of General Howard, and tliat 
of General Logan, if intended to embrace only the loss of August 31 (74 W. R., 
45, 110), cannot be adopted in the absence of further returns. General Hood 
reported 1400 as his loss in killed and wonnded (74 W. R., 633) ; but a loss of 
1745 was reported in 4 divisions, and there is no report of the loss in the other 
two which were actively engaged (74 W. K., 700, 701, 727, 704). 



126 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 
JONESBOROUGH, GA., SEPTEMBEE 1, 18ft4. 

INION ASMT. 

Present for duty August 31 in 14th corps, ex. Ist 

brigade, 1st division * 13,441 " 

Present for duty August 31 in 1st, 2d, and 4th divi- 
sions, 15th corps 8,725 * 

22,166 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 20,614 

Deduct loss in 15th corps August 31 154 

Total engaged 20,460 

KUled, 223. Wounded, 946. Total, 1169.'' Missing, 105.' 
Hit in 1000, 57. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

Present for duty in Hardee's corps 14,071 ^ 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 13,086 

Deduct loss August 31, estimated at • 425 

12,661 
Hit by 1000, 92. 

» 72 W. R., 517, 526; 76 W. R., 742. " 74 W. R., 110; 76 W. R., 743. 
' 72 W. R., 518 ; 74 W. R., 230. " 74 W. R., 701, 702, 682. 

Losses are reported for Cleburne's division of 55 killed, 197 
wounded, and 659 missing. There is no return of losses in the 
other two divisions. 

* I^r of 1st division deducted for 1st brigade. 

^ Probably a slight loss -was suffered by loth corpe, which does not appear 
separately for this day in the returns. 

' Deducting from the total loss of 1725 August 31, estimated ante, p. 93, the 
reported loss of 1.300 in Lee's corps (74 W. R., 764), 425 is left for the loss in 
Hardee's corps. (See 74 W. R., 727, for the loss in Cleburne's division.) 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 127 

WINCHESTER (OPEQUAN), SEPTEMBER 19, 1864. 
tWlOH ABUT. 

Present for duty September 10, in lliddle 

MUitary Division * 47,987 " 

Deduct Military District of Harper's Ferry * 4,815 >> 
Deduct 6th, 95th, and 96th Pennsylvania and 

Northcott's brigade (3 regiments) . . . .'1,877 6,692 = 

41,295 
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93 

per cent, of remainder 37,711 

KUled, 697. Wounded, 3983. Total, 4680. Missing, 338.<* 
Hit in 1000, 124. Hit by 1000,^ 56. 

CONFEDEBATB ABMT. 

Present for duty September 10 in Early's corps . . 12,090 = 
Present for duty in Lomax's and Lee's ' cavalry divi- 
sions 6,041 e 

18,131 
Effectives estimated at 85 per cent of cavalry and 93 

per cent, of remainder 16,377 

Killed, 276. Wounded, 1827. Total, /2103.* Missing, 1818.^ 
Hit in 1000, 128. Hit by 1000, 285. 

«90 W. R., 60, 61. 690 W. R., 60, 61. =90 W. R., 107, 110, notes, 368. 95, 
111, note. "GOW. R, 118. « 88 W. R., 1243 ; 90 W. R., 554, 555. /90 W. R., 
555. 

1 Including Averell's cavalry. 

2 Including Currie'8 brigade, 19th corps (90 W. R., 109, note, 873). 

' Estimated in proportion to the number of regiments at xi?5 of the army. 

* As the loss in the cavahry was slight, and only Lomax's division was pre- 
sent September 21, 22, it is estimated that of the loss reported by General Early 
September 1 to October 1, 50 were killed and 260 woouded September 19. It 
is probable that some of the 1818 reported as missing were killed or wounded. 

^ Lee's division estimated at }?:^ of Lomax's division (2436) in proportion to 
the number of regiments (90 W. R., 566, 567). 



128 NUAfBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

CHAFFIN'S farm, and forts HARRISON AND GILMER, 
SEPTEMBER 29, 30, 1804. 

UNION ARMY. 

Present for duty September 30 in 10th corps and 

Kautz's division 12,834 •■ 

Present for duty in 2d and 3d brigades and 2d United 

States Colored Cavalry, 3d division, 18th corps . ' 1 ,978 ' 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93 

per cent, of remainder 13,650 

Add losses September 29 1,989 ' 

Effectives in let and 2d divisions, 18th corps ..." 4,000 •' 

Total engaged 19,639 

Killed, 383. Wounded, 2299. Total, 2682. Missing, 645.' 
Hit in 1000, 137. 

CONFEDERATE ARMY. 

Present for duty September 10 in Field's division . . 4,486-' 
Present for duty September 10 3 brigades Hoke's 

division ' 3,208 " 

Present for duty September 10 in 4 regiments Pick- 
ett's division * 987 » 

Present for duty September 30 in Scales's brigade . 1,210 » 
Present for duty September 20 in Gary's (865) and 

Johnson's' (388) brigades 1,253* 

«" 88 TV. R., 1150. " 88 W. R., 622, 11.50. ' 87 W. R., 134, 136. «' 87 W. R., 
793. ' 87 W. R., 137. / 87 W. R., 937 ; 88 W. R., 1303, 1243. » Va. Camp., 
288; 87W. R., 937; 88 W. R., 1214, 1244, 1303, 1307. * Va. Camp., 284; 
88 W. R., 1213, 1302, 1303 ; 89 W. R., 70. 

' Estimated at 3% of ISth corps, ex. 1st bripade, which is assumed to be 
included in the 10th corps (88 W. R., 622, note,; 87 W. R., 109). General Ord's 
statement that Birney's force numbered 10,000 cannot be adopted as against 
the return of Sept.ember 30. 

2 This number is adopted from General Ord's report in preference to an esti- 
mate from the retiim of the corps, from which at least seven regiments were 
absent. (Compare 87 W. R., 137 ; 88 W. R., 621 ; 89 W. R., 400.) General 
Humphreys states that the force consisted of 2CKX) men from the 1st and 20(X) 
men from the 2d division (Va. Camp., 285). 

' Estimated at } of the division. 

* Estimated at ^ of the division. 

' Sometimes called Fulton's brigade. (See Va. Camp., 284 ; 89 W. R., 70 ; 
88 W. R., 1284, 1285.) 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 129 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 

93 per cent, of remainder 10,836 

Hit by 1000, 247. 

The only report of casualties in the Records gives 377 killed and 
wounded in Bratton's brigade of 1294.' 
i87W.K.,880. 

CEDAR CBEEK, OCTOBEE 19, 1864. 
CinON ARMY. 

Present for duty October 30 in 6th and 
19th corps , 21,946 " 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. . . 

Effectives in the Army of West Virginia 

Detachment from Kitching's prov. division 

Present for duty September 30 in Tor- 
hut's cavalry 

Present for duty September 30 in 2d di- 
vision Cav. Army of West Virginia . 

Effective cavalry, estimated at 85 per cent. 



Deduct 11 regiments detached . 
Deduct loss October 13 . . . 





20,409 
1 4,580 » 
» 1,200 = 


6,885 




a 2,444 d 


7,929 


♦ 3,080 « 
209-^ 


34,118 
3,289 




30,829 


. Missing, 


1591.» 



Total engaged 

Killed, 644. Wounded, 3430. Total, 4074, 
Hit in 1000, 132. Hit by 1000, 60. 

<■ 90 W. E., 52 et seq. ; 91 W. R., 248. » 90 W. R., 52 et seq., 365. ' 90 
W. R., 129 note. <* 90 w. R., 52 et seq. ; 91 W. R., 248. «90 W. R., 125, 127, 
notes. /90 W. R., 365. » 90 W. R., 137. 

1 The return of September 30 (91 W. R., 248) does not serve, because it 
includes forces at Harper's Ferry (90 W. R., 981-984), and the number of 
effectives is reached by adding to 4000 bayonets reported by General Crook 
(90 W. R., 365) an estimate of 280 for officers and 300 for the 3 batteries. 

An arbitrary estimate. The force consisted of a small detachment of Ist 
brigade and a portion of the 6th New York artillery. (See 91 W. R., 427.) 

' This number is taken from a return on file in the War Department. The 
published return of September 30 (91 W. R., 248) includes the Ist division. 
(See 90 W. R., 983 ; 91 W. R., 510.) 

* Estimated proportionately to the oomber of regiments. 



130 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

COMFBDBKATE ABMT. 

Present for duty October 31 in Valley district . . . ' 12,511 * 

Present for duty October 23 in cavalry • 4,546 * 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent, of cavalry and 93 

per cent, of remainder 15,499 

Add loss October 19 (as below) 2,911 

Total engaged 18,410 

KiUed, 320. Wounded, 1540. Total, 1860. Missing, 1050.' 
Hit in 1000, 101. Hit by 1000, 221. 
J* 90 W. R., 564 ; 89 W. R., 1186 ; 91 W. R., 903. ' Reg. Losses, 551. 

BOTDTON PLANK ROAD, OCTOBER 27, 28, 1864. 

nnON ARMY. 

Present for duty October 31 in 2d, 5th, and 9th corps 52,238 » 
Add losses October 27, 28 1,487 " 

53,725 
Deduct 1st division, 2d corps (6800), Baxter's brig- 
ade, 5th corps (2500), detachments 9th corps 
(1900), and 21 batteries 2d, 5th, and 9th corps 
(estimated at 1770) 12,970-^ 

• 40,755 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 37,902 

Gregg's cavalry division, effectives, estimated at 85 per 
cent, of 5471 « present for duty plus loss (271) 
October 27, 28 * 4,921 

Total engaged 42,823 

« 89 W. R., 457. '' 87 W. R., 155-159. ■• 87 W. R., 410, 237, 4.?4, 60; 89 
W. R., 462, 460, 463. 

' Perhaps about 800 sliould be dedncteJ for recruits joining after October 
19. 91 \V. K., 911, note ; 129 VV. R., 716, 858, 887. 

2 Estimated for 4 brigades by the proportion between " present " and " pre- 
sent for duty " in the other 3 brigades. 

' General Humphreys's estimate of about 32.000 effective infantry apparently 
excludes the 3913 imtrained men in 5th corps (Va. Camp., 290 and note). 

* Comparison with the returns of September 30 (87 W. R., 39, 40; 88 
W. R., 1150 ; 89 W. R., 457) raises the doubt whether there is not error in the 
return of number present for duty equipped for October which misled General 
Ilumphreys in estimating Gregg's cavalry at about 3000 (Va. Camp., 295). 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 131 



d 



KiUed, 166. Wounded, 1028. Total, 1194. Missing, 564 
Hit in 1000, 28. 

CONFEDJEBATE ABMT. 

Hill's corps, effectives, estimated at 93 per cent, of 

present for duty October 20 ■ 15,386" 

Hampton's cavalry corps, effectives, estimated at 85 

^. 4,938' 

per cent. ^_^^ 

Total engaged • • 20,324 

(There is no record of casualties on Confederate side.) 

" 89 W. R., 1156. » 89 W. R., 1156 ; 87 W. R., 853, 949. 

FRANKLIN, NOVKMBER 30, 1864. 
uiaoN ABjnr. 
Present for duty November 30 in Ist and 2d divisions, 

4thcorps ;i2,570- 

Present for duty November 30 in 23d corps .... * 10,591 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,539 

Cavalry,about ^6^' 

Total engaged 27,939 

KiUed, 189. Wounded, 1033. Total, 1222.* Missing, 1104." 
Hit in 1000, ' 40. Hit by 1000, * 199. 

<. 93 W. R., 342, 53, 91. ^ 93 W. R., 559, 91, 53. <= 93 W. R., 343. 

1 The 3d division, 4th corps, estimated at IJ of the corps, is excluded, be- 
cause it was posted on the north side of the Harpeth River, was not engaged, 
and apparently had no influence in the battle. 

2 The Ist division, 23d corps, had been broken np June 9 (75 W. R., 448). 
The 72d Illinois and 44th Missouri, having been assigned to the 23d corps 
before November 30 (93 W. R., 393, 395), are assumed to have been included 
in the return of that corps November 30. 

3 It is a.ssumed that General Wilson gives the number of eftectivcB. Ham- 
mond's brigade is assumed to equal f of the 7th divison, and 85 per cent, of it 
to be effective. 

* The casualties in the cavalry are not included, as they are not reported 
separately for this batUe. There were 64:5 killed and wounded in the cam- 
paign (93 W. R., 568). 

5 The losses in the cavalry would increase these figures slightly ; probably 
not over 10. In the infantry and artillery alone, the number hit in 1000 was 
52 on the Union and 263 on the Confederate side. 



132 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

COMFEDEIUTE ABMT. 

Present for duty November 6 in Stewart's and Cheat- 
ham's corps, and Johnson's, division, Lee's corpa . 25,490 "* 
Deduct Ector's ' and Smith's ' brigades 1,944 < 

23,546 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 21,897 

Forrest's cavalry, about 5,000 •'" 

Total engaged • 26,897 

KiUed, 1750. Wounded, < 3800. Total, 5550.<' Missing, 702." 
Hit in 1000, « 206. Hit by 1000, '45. 

" 93 W.R., 653,678. • 93 W. R., 708, 739. ^93 W. R.,752,754. a93W.R., 
344. 

NASHVILLE, DECEMBEB 15, 16, 1864. 

UNION ASUT. 

Present for duty December 10 in 4th and 
23d corps, and Smith's and part of Steed- 
man's commands 41,000" 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent. . . . 38,130 

Present for duty December 10 in 5th, 6th, 

and 7th divisions, cavahy corps .... 12,522 ^ 

Effectives estimated at 85 per cent. . . . 10,643 

Effectives, Croxton's brigade cavalry • . . 1,000 "^ 

Total engaged 49,773 

« 93 W. R., 90, 54, 504, 511, 512. » 93 W. R., 95, 55. ' 93 W. R., 572. 

> Estimated at J of French's division (93 W. R., 681). 
^ Estimated at J of Cleburne's division (93 W. R., 681). 

* Clayton's division, Lee's corps (2431 strong), is omitted, because it arrived 
too late to join in the attack, and apparently had no influence on the action 
(93 W. R., 687, 697). 

* The losses in the cavalry are not included, as they are not reported sepa- 
rately for this action. 2t)9 were killed and wounded in November (It.'i W. R., 
761). The returns g^ve 3014 killed and wounded in Stewart's corps and 
Bate's division. In the other infantry divisions, the number present December 
10 was 3440 less than November 6 (93 W. R., 678, 679). There are no returns 
for the other commands. The number of wounded given above includes only 
those who were placed in hospital. Probably there were several hundred 
slightly wounded besides. 

' The losses in the cavalry would increase these figures slightly ; probably 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 133 

Killed, 387. Wounded, 2562. Total, 2949.'' Missing, 112." 
Hit in 1000, 59. 

CONPEDEBATE ABMT. 

Present for duty December 9 in Lee's, Stewart's,^ 

and Cheatham's corps ^ 23,793 « 

Eflectives estimated at 93 per cent 22,127 

Chalmers's cavah'y division, about '1,080-'' 

Total engaged 23,207 

<» 93 W. R., 105. ' 93 W. B., 679. / 93 W. R., 765. 
There is no report of killed and wounded. General Hood re- 
ported the number as "very small" (94 W. R., 699). The Union 
army captured 4462 prisoners (93 W. R., 40). 

hatcher's bun, FEBKTTART, 5-7, 1865. 
union aemt.* 

2d corps effectives "10,988° 

5th corps, present for duty equipped, January 31 . . ° 17,032 >> 
Gregg's cavalry division, present for duty equipped, 

January 31 •6,497» 

Total engaged ' 34,517 = 

" 95 W. R., 191. <■ 95 W. R., 61. ^ 95 W. R., 61. 

not by over 10. In the infantry and artillery alone, the number hit in 1000 was 
52 on the Union and 263 on the Confederate side. 

1 Sears's brigade of French's division, estimated at 240 trom 210 " effectives " 
reported (p. 680). 

2 Palmer's brigade of Stevenson's division, Cockerell's brigade of French's 
division, and Smith's brigade of Cleburne's division, are not included. (See 93 
W. R., 679 note, 694, 711, 740.) 

» 7th Alabama, estimated at J of the division. (See 93 W. R., 761, 762.) 

♦ 95 W. R., 151. 

* Comparison with returns, p. 61, leads to the conclusion that the number 
stated by General Humphreys includes effectives only. 200 is added as an 
estimate for the artillery. 

s It is possible that the number of effectives was smaller. There are no 
returns of the number present for duty in the Records from which to compute 
the number of effectives. 

' The detachment from 6th and 9th corps, which were ordered to the field, 
are not included, as they took no part in the engagement (95 W. R., 298, 299, 
341). 



134 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

KiUed, 170. Wounded, 1160. Total, 1330. Missing, 182." 
Hit in 1000, 39. 

CONFEDEBATE ARMY. 

Present for duty January 31 in Early's, Pegram's, 

Gordon's, Evans's, Mahone's, and Heth's divisions ' 14,877 ' 

EfEectives estimated at 93 per cent 13,835 

<* 95 W. R., 69. « 95 W. B., 381, 385, 390, 391. 
No report of killed and wounded. 

BENTONVILLE, MARCH 19,^' 1865. 

UNION ARMY. 

Present for duty February 28 in 1st and 2d divisions, 

14th corps « 9,050 " 

Present for duty February 28 in Ist and 3d divisions, 

20th corps * 8,940 " 

•17,990 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent.' 16,730 

Deduct losses to March 16 603 » 

Total engaged 16,127 

" 99 W. R., 622 ; 98 W. R., 423, 51, 52. » 98 W. R., 64, 6.5. 

' February 8 General Lee wrote : " All the disposable force of the ri|^ht 
wing of the array has been operating- against the enemy beyond Hatcher's Run 
since Sunday " (p. 381). This, with Colonel Peck's report (p. .391), justifies in- 
cluding Heth's division, and probably requires that more should be included, 
but the Records do not show the constitution of this right wing. 

^ The action of the 19th was distinct from those of 20th and 21st.. It was 
fought entirely on Union ground, and on the Union side by troops of the left 
wing alone. Troops of the right wing were engaged on the 20th and 21st, and 
the action was on Confederate ground (98 W. R., 424, 10.50). 

' Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at j^ of the corps. 

* Estimated proportionately to the number of regiments at ] J of the corps. 

' The cavalry are not included, as they were held in reserve and suffered no 
loss (98 W. R., 424). 

' The usual estimate of 9.S per cent, is here taken, instead of the " effective 
strength " as reported (98 W. R., 43), because, by comparison with the return 
of present for duty it is seen that for the 20th corps the effective strength is 
calculated upon a basis which is different from that used for the 14th corps, 
and is inadequate. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 135 

Killed, 139. Wounded, 794. Total, 933.i Missing, 170."= 
Hit in 1000, 58. Hit by 1000, 94. 

COITFEDERATII ABUT. 

" Effective strength " March 17 « 16,895 "* 

Killed, 195. Wounded, 1313. Total, 1508," Missing, 610.' 
Hit in 1000, 89. Hit by 1000, 55. 

<= 98 W. R., 588, 72, 486. •< 98 W. R., 1056 ; 99 W. R., 1408. ' 98 W. R., 
1059, 1060. 

APPOMATTOX CAMPAIGN, MARCH 29-APEIL 9, 1865. 

CiaOK ABMT.* 

Present for duty in artillery and infantry of Army of 

Potomac * 78,061" 

Present for duty in artillery and infantry of Army of 
James «27,762" 



105,823 

f 

Present for duty in cavalry of Army of James . . . ' 3,061 " 
Present for duty in cavalry imder Sheridan . . . . ' 13,426 " 



16,487 



» 97 W. R., 389-391. 



' It !s apparent, from General Morgan's report, that substantially all the loss 
in his division occurred on the 19th. 

^ General Johnston states that he took into action " about 15,000 men " (98 
W. R., 1050). This probably omits officers and artillery. The cavalry were 
not engaged (98 W. R., 1057). 

' It is apparent in General Johnston's report (p. 1057) that Hardee's corps 
was not seriously engaged on the 20th or 21st. It is therefore assumed that all 
the loss of this corps occurred on the 19th. 

* See 95 W. R., 564. 

s Ex. headquarters, provost guard. Post of City Ft, Engineers' Brigade, Ind. 
Co. Cavalry, and Signal Corps. 

' Ex. general headquarters, 1st New York Engineers, pontoneers, Carr's sepa- 
rate brigade, District of East Virginia (7069). 

' Ex. 1st Xew York Mounted Rifles (95 W. R., 576 note). 

8 Gener.il Sheridan reported 9UO0 effectives (95 W. R., 1101). It does not 
appear whether he included officers and artillery. 85 per cent, of the number 
present for duty = 11,412. 



136 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

E£Fective8 estimated at 93 per cent, of artillery and 

infantry, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 112,428 

Add losses March 29-30 464 " 



Total engaged 112,892 

Killed, 1316. Wounded, 7750. Total, 9066. Missing, 1714.' 
Hit in 1000, 80. 

CONFEDERATE ARMT. 

Present for duty in Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, March 1, infantry 41,687 ■* 

February 20, artillery 6,428 <' 

March 1, cavalry 4,711 '' 

March 20, Department of Richmond . . 4,275 « 
December 31, 1864, Rosser's cavalry . . '2,000/ 



51,390 6,711 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery, and 85 per cent, of cavalry 53,496 

Deduct loss of March 24, estimated at 4,000 » 



Total engaged 49,4% 

» 97 W. R., 172, 301, 318; 95 W. B., 1128, 1135. ' 95 W. R., 597. '' 95 
W. R., 389, 388, 390. • 97 W. R., 1331. /" 91 W. R., 928, 929. ■> Va. Camp., 
321. 

There is no record of the number killed and wounded on the Con- 
federate side, and the records do not furnish a basis from which to 
compute the number accurately. The following may serve as an 
approximate accounting for the 54,000 present for duty March 29, 
as above stated : — 

i Estimated as equal to Lomax's diTision. 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES JN THE CIVIL WAR 137 

Captured March 29-Apra 7 13,769 " 

Surrendered at Appomattox, ex. 1466 miscellaneous 

troops 26,765" 

Cavaby which escaped at Appomattox 2,400 "^ 

Cavalry which left the ranks in the campaign (esti- 
mated) 1,000 

Desertions from March 1, estimated at 100 per day . 3,800 f* 

Killed and wounded 6,266 

64,000 
<■ 95 W. R., 675, 800, 938, 1041, 1105, 1182. » 95 W. R., 1279. ' 95 W. R., 
1303. <' 97 W. R., 1353 j 96 W. R., 1265. 

DINWIDDIE COURT HOUSE AND WHITE OAK ROAD, 
MARCH 29-31, 1865. 

UNION ARMY. 

Present for duty March 31 in 2d and 5th corps . . 37,432 " 
Present for duty March 31 in Sheridan's cavalry . . * 11,815 " 
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry corps, 

and 85 per cent, of cavalry 44,853 

Add loss of 5th corps, March 29 and 30 394" 

Total engaged » 45,247 

Killed and wounded, 2198.= Missing, 583."^ 
Hit in 1000, 48. 

CONFEDERATE ABMT.' 

Present for duty March 1 in cavalry corps, Army of 

Northern Virginia * 4,711 ■* 

Present for duty March 1 in Rosser's cavalry division ' 2,000 ' 

<■ 97 W. R., 389, 391. » 95 W. R., 803, 810. ' 95 W. R., 677, 827, 1110. 
•> 95 W. R., 390. » 91 W. R., 928, 929. 

' 2d brigade of Custer's division deducted, estimated at ^ of corps. 

* General Sheridan reported that his whole effective force of cavalry was 
9000 (95 W. R., 1101), deducting from which 1080 (i%) for 2d brigade, Custer's 
division, would leave 7920. This would make the total force engaged on the 
Union side 42,037. 

» Va. Camp., 325-335; record of Warren court, 95 W. R., 1286, 1299. 

* General Fitzhugh Lee, before the Warren Court of Inquiry, estimated his 
cavalry at " 3200 sabres " (page 468 et seq.). Adding 210 for Roberts's brig- 
ade, which apparently he excluded, .500 for 5 batteries, and 10 per cent, for 
officers, would give 4300. This would make the total force engaged on the 
Confederate side 17,619. 

' Estimated to be equal to Lomaz's division, December 31. 



138 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 

Present for duty March 1 in MacRae's and Cook's 

brigades '2,210/ 

Present for duty March 1 in McGowan's and Scales's 

brigades "2,604/ 

jf Pickett's division 5,391/ 

Johnson's division . . . • 6,813/ 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent, of infantry and 

artillery and 85 per cent, of cavalry '21,530 

Deduct for desertions in March, say l.-'SOO « 

20,030 
/ 95 W. R., 1272, 388, 389. » 97 W. E., 1353 ; 96 W. R., 1265. 

The only return of casualties is for Johnson's division, in which 
General Johnson rejwrted about 1050 killed, wounded, and missing 
(95 W. R., 1287, 1288). 

ASSAULT AT PETERSBURG, APRIL 2, 1865. 

UNION ARMY. 

Present for duty March 31 in 2d, 6tb, and 9th corps 60,478 "" 
Present for duty March 31 in 24th and 2oth corps * . 8,149 " 

68,627 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 63,823 

Deduct losses March 29-April 1 '524' 

Total engaged 63,299 

KUled, 625. "Wounded, 3189. Total, 3814.'^ Missing, 326." 
Hit in 1000, 60. 

" 95 W. R., 603, 1160; 97 W. R., .389, 390. " 95 W. R., 677, 1185, 1219. 
' 95 W. R., 680,908, 1056, 1065, 1186, 1195, 1206, 1208, 1209. 

' Estimated at i of Heth's division. 

* Estimated at } of Wilcox's division. Possibly deduction shoold be made 
for loss March 2.j in Stewart's brigade, Pickett's division. (See 97 W. R., 
l.'iol ; Mana-ssas to Appomattox, .505.) 

' An addition should be made for artillery. The number cannot be fixed. 

* Turner's. Foster's, and Bimey's divisions. 

^ It is possible that this number should be somewhat increased, for General 
Ord reported (95 W. R., 1160) that operations to April 1 " cost me several hun- 
dred men." 



NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 139 

CONFEDERATE ARMY.l 

Present for duty March 1 in Field's division 1st 
corps, 2d corps, and Heth's and Wilcox's divisions, 
3d corps 22,491'' 

Present for duty February 20, artillery ^3,720 « 

26,211 

Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 24,376 

Deduct losses March 25 to April 1, estimated at 4300-'' 

Deduct desertions from March 1, estimated at 1500 o 5,800 " 

Total engaged 18,576 

(There is no record of losses.) 
Hit by 1000, 205. 

d 95 W. R., 388, 389. ' 9.5 W. R., 388. / Va. Camp., 321 ; 95 W. R., 1016. 
See General Lee's letter, 97 W. R., 1353. 



1 Of the 1st corps, 3 brigades of Pickett's division were in retreat from Five 
Forks, and Hunton's brigade of same division was en route to join them (95 
W. R., 1263, 1288). Kershaw's division was in front of Richmond (95 W. R., 
1283), Field's division was in front of Petersburg (97 W. R., 1375) ; and of the 
3d corps, Mahone's division was on the Bermuda front, and the remainder of 
these corps, with the 2d corps, were in front of Petersburg (97 W. R., 1379). 
Andersons infantry was with Pickett, or en route to hun (95 W. R., 1287, 
1288). 

' Including ^ of 1st corps and | of 3d corps of artillery, and an estimate pro- 
portionate to the infantry for the artillery of the 2d corps. 

Note. 
See Preface to Second Edition, ante, for explanation of the heading " Hit by 
1000 " in the foregoing and following tables. 



140 NUMBERS AND LOSSES IN THE CIVIL WAR 



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INDEX 



Alabama and West Florida, force in, 

32. 

Alabama militia, 60 ; regiments, 7. 

Arkansas census, 19 ; Confederate or- 
ganizations, ly i state troops, 19. 

Army of Potomac, Confederate, 
strength of regiments, 33. 

Arroyo, Colonel, roster of Lonisiana 
troops, 25, 33. 

Assaults on fortified lines, table of 
losses in, 75. 

Battalions, Confederate, strength of, 
26, 32. 

Battles: — Arkansas Post, 75, 76, 140, 
145 ; AUanta, 75, 76, 122, 124, 141, 
142, 143, 144, 145; Atlanta cam- 
paign, 119, 141, 143, 144; Benton- 
^e, 75, 76, 134, 141, 144, 145; 
Boydton Plank Koad, 130, 141, 145 ; 
BuU Run, 76, 77, 140, 144, 145; 
Cedar Creek, 76, 129, 141, 143; Ce- 
dar Mountain, 75, 76, 140, 142, 144; 
Chaffin's Farm, 75, 128, 141, 143; 
Champion HiU, 76, 99, 140, 14:3, 
144; Chattanooga, 75, 76, 106, 141, 
144, 145; Chancellorsville, 75, 76, 
98, ' 140, 142, 143 ; ChantiUy, 88, 
142 ; Chickasaw Bayon, 75, 76, 96, 

140, 145 ; Chickamauga, 74, 75, 76, 
105, 141, 142 ; Cold Harbor, 75, 114, 

141, 143 ; Corinth, 75, 76, 94, 140, 
143; Deep Bottom, 75, 117, 141, 
144; Dinwiddle, 76, 137, 141, 14t ; 
Drewry's Bluff, 75, 76, 113, 141, 
143 ; Fair Oaks, 75, 70, 81, 140, 143 ; 
Five Forks, 75, note ; Fort Donelson, 
75, 140, 144 ; Fort Gilmer, 128 ; Fort 
Harrison, 128 ; Fort Wagner, 75, 76, 
104, 141, 142, 144 ; Fredericksbni^, 
74, '75. 76, 96, 98, 140, 143, 145; 
Franklin, 75, 77, 131, 141, 142, 145 ; 



Gaines's MiU, 76, 82, 140, 143; 
Gettysburg, 72, 73, 75, 76, 102, 140^ 
142; Harper's Ferry, 75, note; 
Hatcher's Run, 133, 141, 145; 
Jonesborough, 75, 76, 125, 141, 144, 
145 ; Kenesaw Mountain, 75, (6, 
120, 141 ; Malvern Hill, Peach Or- 
chard to, 77, 84, 144, 145 ; Manassas, 
75, 76, 88, 142, 143 ; Mechanicsville, 
75, 77, 82, 144 ; Mine, The, 75, 116, 

141, 143 ; Mine Run, 70, 108, 141, 
145; NashvUle, 75, 76, 132, 141, 
145 ; Olustee, 73, 74, 75, 76, 141, 

142, 143; Pea Ridge, 75, 76, 79, 
109 143, 145; Peach Orchard to 
Malvern' Hill, 77, 84, 144, 145; 
Peach Tree Creek, 75, 76, 122, 141, 
143, 144 ; Perryville, 75, 76, 95, 142, 
144; Petersburg, 75, 76, 115, 138, 
141, 143, 145 ; Pleasant Hill, 75, 76, 
109, 141, 144; Port Hudson, 73, 75, 
76, ioi, 142, 143, 145 ; Prairie Grove, 

75, 76, 95, 144; Richmond, Ky., 
76*, 89, 143, 144; Seven Days' 
Battles, 87, 142, 143 ; Shiloh, 74, 75, 

76, 79, 142, 143; South Mountain, 
75', 76, 90, 143, 144 ; Spottsylvania, 
•73 75 112, 141, 143, 144; Stone's 
Ri'ver, 72, 75, 76, 97, 142 ; Tupelo, 
75, 76, 121, 141, 142, 145 ; Vicksbnrg, 
75 100, 144 ; Weldon Railroad, 16, 
•75! 76,' 118, 141, 144; White Oak 
Road, 137 ; WUdemess, 72, 73, 110. 
14?; WUliamsburg, 77, 80, 145; 
Wilson's Creek, 75, 76, 78, 143, 144 ; 
Winchester, 75,76, 127, 141, 143. 

Border States, men from, in Confeder- 
ate Army, 19. 

Bragg, General, letter to General Lee, 
17 ; circular of, 67. 

Brown, Governor, statement of Georgia 
troops, 25. 



N7 



148 



INDEX 



Casualties, stated by Qeneral Cooper, 
3 ; in Confederate muster-rolls, 5 ; 
comparison of Confederate and 
Union, 47, 46. 

Cassellraan, Colonel, estimate of Con- 
federate numbers, 4U. 

Census of 1800 for Southern States, 
21 ; Confederate numbers estimated 
from, U), 21, 22. 

Colored troops, r>0, note. 

Companies, strength of, in Confederate 
regiments, 30-i!2. 

Confederate : — Casualties, 3 ; deaths 
in battle, 3, 4, 5 ; — from disease, 3, 
4 ; — from wounds, 3, 4, 5, 0, 63 ; — 
in Northern prisons, 4, 7 ; desertions 
and discharges, 3, 4, 5, 7 ; enlist- 
ments in U. S. army, 7 ; hospital 
returns, 3, 8, 9 ; leaders compared 
with Union leaders, 71; militia, 8; 
muster-rolls, 5, 0, S ; numbers, 1 ; 
numbers at close of war, 4, 7 ; num- 
bers estimated by writer, 7,8; — by 
Southern writers and others, 2, 40 ; 
— by War Records Office, 40 ; — 
from Confederate muster-rolls, 5 ; — 
from census, 0, 10; — from number 
of regiments, 26, 30, 39 ; number on 
basis of 3 years' service, 61 ; ratio of 
numbers to Union enlistments, 62 ; 
prisoners, 3, 7 ; recruits, 5, 8 ; regu- 
lar army, 30, oh ; regiments, strength 
of, 24, 30-34 ; reserves, 22, 23, 27 ; 
number surrendered, 7 ; term of ser- 
vice, 10, 11, 51, .'■)6, 59, 01 ; state offi- 
cials' estimates of troops, 2.1-25, ,'iS. 

Confederate army : — Rosters, 20, 27, 
29 ; average strength compared with 
Union armies at various dates, 42, 
47, 48 ; summary of numbers in, 61 ; 
irregular organizations in, 8, 22, 35, 
39, 47, 60, 61. 

Confederate Congress, acts of, 10, 11, 
13, 20, 30. 

Conscription, Confederate Borean, 13- 
15, 18; Laws, 10, 1.3, 18. 

Conscripts, Confederate, age of, 21 ; 
number of, 35; number east of Mis- 
sissippi River, 18 ; — west of Missis- 
sippi River, 19, 20. 



Cooper, Confederate Adjutant-General, 
statement of numbers and casual- 
ties, 2, 3 ; report of numbers March 
1, 1862, 44. 

Courage, limit of, in victory, defeat, 
and ruut, 72. 

Courage and efficiency of Confederate 
and Union armies compared, 70, 77, 
note. 

Davis, Major George B., 42. 

Davis, President, promulgation of, 
April, 1802, 11. 

Deaths, Confederate, from disease, 3, 
4, 5, 7 ; in battle and from wounds, 
3, 4, 5, 7 ; Union, from disease and 
accident, 8, 47, 48 ; from wounds, 6, 
47 ; ratio of deaths from disease in 
Confederate and Union armies, 8. 

Defeats, table of losses in, 75. 

Desertions, Confederate, 4, 5, 7 ; Union, 
48. 

Discharges, Confederate, 3, 4, 5, 7 ; 
Union, 48. 

Drafts by Confederate States, 52 ; 
Union, 11. 

Early, General, estimate of Confederate 
numbers, 2. 

Effectives, compared with " present for 
duty," 00-70 ; method of comput- 
ing, 67 et seq. 

Efficiency and courage of Confederate 
and Union armies compared, 70. 

Emergency men, in Union array, 50, 63. 

Enlistments, number in Union Army, 
1. 

Exempts from Confederate conscript 
laws, 11,1.3,18,22. 

Failures, table of losses in, 75. 
Florida, troops from, 25, 3S ; special 

troops and reserAes, CO. 
Fortified lines, assaults on, 75. 
Fox, Colonel, regimental losses, 5, 28 ; 

lists of Confederate regiments, 28. 

Georgia, troops in Confederate service, 
25, .38; state guards, 25, 30, 60; 
militia, 25. 



INDEX 



149 



Grant, General, General Lee's com- 
ments on his plans, IG, 17. 

Hancock's Division, 74 ; Veteran 
Corps, 1. 

Hit per 1000, in Confederate army in 
48 battles of Table A, 64, 65 ; for 
Domber serving three years, 65 ; in 
Union army in 48 battles of Table 
A, 64, 65 ; for number serving three 
years, 65 ; in 63 battles, 65, 66 ; ex- 
treme instances, 72-74. 

Hospitals, Confederate, retnms of, 8, 
9 ; number of cases in, 8. 

Hostilities, termination of, May 4, 1865, 
49. 

Jackson. General " Stonewall," 71. 

James River, demonstrations north 
of, 16. 

Jones, Colonel Charles C, roeter, 26, 
27. 

Jones, Dr. Joseph, estimate of Con- 
federate numbers, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 ; 
statement of number of cases in hos- 
pitals, 8 ; list of Confederate organ- 
izations, 27, 28. 

Kentucky, central (Confederate) 
army, 32. 

Killed, ratio to wounded, 6, 63, 66 ; re- 
ported as missing, 64, note. 

Killed and wounded, in Confederate 
army, 3, 4, 5, 7, 64 ; in Union army, 
6,9,63. 

Kirkley, J. W., statement of Union 
killed and wounded, 6. 

Lee, General, letters of, 11, 12, 15, 17. 

Legions, Confederate, 54. 

Local defense. Confederate troops for, 

19, 22, 28, 30, .35, 36, 52. 
Louisiana ; militia, 60 ; regiments, 

strength, >33 ; roster of troops, 33 ; 

number of troops, 25. 

Militia, Confederate, 59 ; Union. 1. 
31issing who were killed, 64, note. 
Missis.sippi ; militia, 35, 60 ; troops in 
Confederate army, 24, 38. 



Mississippi River, Confederate troops 
east of, 18 ; west of, 19, 20. 

Moore's roster of North Carolina 
troops, 23, 36, 37, .55. 

Muster-rolls, Confederate, 5. 

Negfroes, employment of, by Confeder- 
ates, 16, 17, 20. 

Noncombatants, number included in 
'• presem, for duty," 67. 

North, resources of the, 3. 

North Carolina, Governor's proclama- 
tion Dec. 20, 1864, 18; militia and 
reserves, 23, 30-.36, 60; martial 
spirit, etc., 37 ; Moore's roster, 23, 
36, 37, 55 ; troops from, 24 ; troops 
in Department of, 32. 

Northern ; courage not disparaged by 
superior numbers, 3 ; prisons, 4, 7. 

Norabers, summary of calculations of, 
63 ; in Confederate army and on 
basis of 3 years' service, 40, 61 ; in 
Union army and on basis of 3 years* 
service, 1,50; method of ascertain- 
ing, 66. 

Officers, per cent, of, in both armies, 
69, 70. 

Present for duty ; compared with ef- 
fectives, 66 et seq. ; " equipped," 
66, 69; noncombatants included in, 
67. 

Ratios : — Killed to wounded, 6, 9, 63 ; 
Confederate numbers to Union en- 
listments, 40 ; between deaths by 
disease in Confederate and Union 
armies, S, 9 ; of Union wounded ap- 
plied to Confederate numbers, 6 ; of 
per cents, of loss applied to numbers, 
65 ; of average strength of armies 
compared with ratio of numbers, 41 ; 
of average strength of armies com- 
pared with numbers reduced to 3 
years' basis, 62. 

Recruits, Confederate, 35 ; term of 
service, 58. 

Reenlistments, Confederate, 39, 52, 53 ; 
Union, 1. 



150 



INDEX 



Regiments, nnmber of Confedarate, 
1>0-21> ; stren^ of, 30-^ ; streng:tli 
of Union, OS. 

" Regimental Losses," 5, 2$. 

Seserres, Confederate senior and 
jimior, Ui, 22, 23, 27. 

Retreats predetermined, "7. 

Ketunis of armies compared with esti- 
mates of nunibers, t>2 ; of Confed- 
erate armies, 32, 42— 14 ; of Union 
army, 47. 

Rosters, of Confederate army, 26-29 ; 
of Louisiana troops, SS, 

Routs, 72 ; table of loaaes in, 16. 

Second Army Corps (Union), 73. 

Service, term of Confederate troops, 
51, et seq. ; of Union troops, uO. 

Sonthern valor, 3. 

t>tepliens. Alexander H., estimate of 
Confederate numbers, 2. 

Stone, Colonel Uenry W., list of Con- 
federate organisations, Ul, 2i), 30, 37. 

Summary of calculations of numbers. 

Tables A and B, 140-14o. 
Tennessee, refugees from, 22-24 ; reg- 



iments in Union army, 19, 24 ; regi- 
ments in Confederate army, 27, 29. 
Texas, census uf IStiO, U) ; state 
troops, 3ti, OO ; Confederate troops, 
19, 27, 29. 

Union army : — Deaths from disease 
and accident, 8 ; from wounds, 9 ; 
number of enlistments. 1 : iudirid- 
uals, 1 ; reenlistments. 1 ; repments 
not in action. tiS : returns. 47. 

Union leaders compared with Confed- 
erate, 71. 

Union tioops serving short terms, 47. 

Veteran Corps (Hancock's), 1. 
Veteran Reserve Corps, 1 , t>3. 
Victories, table of losses in, 76. 
Virginia, militia, 30, 36, 61 ; regiments' 
strength, 33. 

Wounded, number of Union, 9 ; ratio 
to Confederate number. 9; number 
of Confederate, tio, ti4. 

Wright, General Marcus J., estimate 
of Confederate numbers, 2. 

Zollicoffer, General, his command, S3. 



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